NATURE OF STUTTERING AND DYSFLUENCIES

Question 1

This is a continuous and effortless flow of both movement and information; effortless flow of speech

Answer 1

Fluency

Question 2

fluency refers to

Answer 2

Refers to continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production.

Question 3

what are the language and speech components of fluency

Answer 3

Linguistic and Speech fluency

Question 4

the 4 components of linguistic fluency

Answer 4

syntactic, semantic, phonologic, and pragmatic fluency

Question 5

when a person has a large vocabulary repertoire.

Answer 5

semantic fluency

Question 6

can use a variety of forms in order to put together increasingly complex sentence structures

Answer 6

syntactic fluency

Question 7

Capable of producing sequences of sound of increasing length and complexity in languages that are both familiar and unfamiliar

Answer 7

phonologic fluency

Question 8

Able to respond appropriately and in a timely manner in various contexts

Answer 8

pragmatic fluency

Question 9

the following components of speech fluency:

Answer 9

Continuity, Rate, Effort (CRE)

Question 10

this refers to logical sequencing of syllables and words.

Answer 10

continuity

Question 11

continuity refers to

Answer 11

refers to the presence and absence of pauses, which are said to mark the disruption of the flow of sound

Question 12

this refers to disruption in the flow of sound

Answer 12

pauses

Question 13

two types of pauses that indicate decision-making in terms of upcoming word choice, style or syntax:

Answer 13

conventional and idiosyncratic pauses

Question 14

type of pause is used by a speaker in order to signal a linguistically important event.

Answer 14

conventional pauses

Question 15

type of pause happens when a speaker hesitates or becomes uncertain about what is being said.

Answer 15

idiosyncratic pauses

Question 16

Pauses can also be characterized as:

Answer 16

Filled and Unfilled pauses

Question 17

unfilled pauses are

Answer 17

silence lasting longer than approximately 250 milliseconds

Question 18

filled pauses are

Answer 18

Fillers such as “ah”, “err”, “uh”, and “um” are used to make a continuous flow of sound but essentially disrupts the flow of information.

Question 19

This pertains to the number of syllables that a speaker produces per second.

Answer 19

Rate

Question 20

Variations of rate are seen due to the following factors:

Answer 20

Formality of the speaking situation, Time pressure, inference from background noise/competing messages, wide range of acceptable rates in the judgement of fluency, and speaking in a noisy environment

Question 21

Most important dimension of fluency

Answer 21

Effort

Question 21

2 types of effort

Answer 21

linguistic planning and muscle movement

Question 22

Effort associated with linguistic planning

Answer 22

■ Language
■ Finding the right words or putting words together (syntactic)

Question 23

Effort associated with muscle movement

Answer 23

■ Motoric, speech
■ Movement of the articulators

Question 24

most sensitive indicator of fluent speech

Answer 24

listener's perception of effort

Question 25

True or False: perception of effort is closely related to the force of contact between opposing articulators.

Answer 25

true

Question 26

it is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and disfluencies

Answer 26

fluency disorder

Question 27

People with fluency disorders also frequently experience _____ impacts as a result of communication disorder

Answer 27

psychological, emotional, social, and functional impacts

Question 28

Differentiate disfluency and dysfluency

Answer 28

disfluency is often used in literature to refer to the fluency breaks of normal speakers dysfluency is used to describe the abnormal fluency breaks of people who stutter (PWS)

Question 29

Interruptions that disrupt the natural flow and rhythm of speech

Answer 29

Disfluency

Question 30

Normal Fluency Breaks/Disfluencies include:

Answer 30

Phrase repetitions, Interjections, Pauses (PIP)

Question 31

a transient phenomenon characterized by a child's easy repetitions of syllables and words

Answer 31

Primary Stuttering/Behavior

Question 32

Child is typically unaware of these events and displays no special effort or tension during speaking

Answer 32

Primary Stuttering/Behavior

Question 33

primary core behaviors are

Answer 33

Initial motoric behaviors taking place in the speech production mechanism

Question 34

Begins when speaker becomes aware of and responds to these core behaviors

Answer 34

Secondary Stuttering/Behavior

Question 35

Secondary behaviors can be divided into two broad classes

Answer 35

escape and avoidance behaviors.

Question 36

what is escape behavior

Answer 36

a speaker's attempts to terminate a stutter and finish the word. This occurs when the speaker is already in a moment of stuttering

Question 37

what is avoidance behavior

Answer 37

speaker's attempt to prevent stuttering when he or she anticipates stuttering on a word or in a situation

Question 38

people with stuttering may ____

Answer 38

may repeat parts of words (repetitions), stretch a sound out for a long time (prolongations), or have a hard time getting a word out (blocks).

Question 39

what is stuttering

Answer 39

a type of speech disorder characterized by that interrupt the flow and rhythm of speech.

Question 40

True or False: A fluency break is more likely to be considered normal or nonstuttered if it is not the result of "linguistic uncertainty"

Answer 40

false. A fluency break is more likely to be considered normal or nonstuttered if it is the result of "linguistic uncertainty" -

Question 41

types of disfluencies happen when someone stutters:

Answer 41

1. Part-word repetitions ○ "I w-w-w-want a drink." 2. One-syllable word repetitions ○ "Go-go-go away." 3. Prolonged sounds ○ "Ssssssssam is nice." 4. Blocks or stop

Question 42

2 TYPES OF FLUENCY BREAKS

Answer 42

● Formulative Fluency Breaks ● Motoric Fluency Breaks

Question 43

What are Formulative Fluency Breaks

Answer 43

Characterized by (a) breaks (usually in the form of repetitions) between whole words, phrases, and larger syntactic units and (b) interjections between whole-word or larger syntactic units

Question 44

● Linguistic in nature, formulation of a sentence ● Looking for words to explain

Answer 44

Formulative Fluency Breaks

Question 45

Are the result of linguistic planning or uncertainty and may provide the speaker time to organize the remainder of the production

Answer 45

Formulative Fluency Breaks

Question 46

what are motoric fluency breaks

Answer 46

Characterized by (a) breaks between sounds or syllables (part-word breaks), (b) obvious effort or tension (often focused in but not limited to the vocal tract), (c) pauses with a possible cessation of airflow and voicing, and (d) an excessive prolongation of sounds or syllables.

Question 47

a term used to indicate how widespread a disorder is

Answer 47

prevalence

Question 48

an index of how many people have stuttered at some time in their lives

Answer 48

incidence

Question 49

Characteristics at the onset of stuttering:

Answer 49

● Age and Gender ● Rate and Uniformity of Onset ● Stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs) ● Clustering of disfluencies ● Awareness and reaction of the child to disfluency

Question 50

Stuttering usually starts between

Answer 50

2 to 6 yo

Question 51

Many children go through normal periods of disfluency lasting less than ___

Answer 51

6 mos

Question 52

At what age is persistent stuttering classified as

Answer 52

If it persists more than 5 or 6 years old

Question 53

True or False: Stuttering begins after the early childhood years

Answer 53

False Stuttering rarely begins after the early childhood years

Question 54

True or False Boys are more likely to continue stuttering than girls.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

True or False The nature of the fluency characteristics at onset is closely related to the rate of onset

Answer 55

True

Question 56

explain rate and uniformity of onset in stuttering

Answer 56

the onset of developmental stuttering is not necessarily gradual or uniform. The gradual and linear development of stuttering is associated with the description of primary and secondary stuttering

Question 57

true or false: Children who start stuttering at the age 3 1⁄2 later are more to dissolve stuttering.

Answer 57

false Children who start stuttering at the age 31⁄2 later are more likely to continue stuttering.

Question 58

Stuttering-like disfluencies are composed of three basic types of disfluencies:

Answer 58

○ Part-word repetitions ○ Single-syllable word repetitions ○ Disrhythmic phonations

Question 59

Why are they called stuttering-like disfluencies?

Answer 59

SLDs are present in the onset: possible na may chance pa na mag dissolve

Question 59

True or False: normally speaking children rarely repeated a part-word repetition more than one (range of 1-3 ), the stuttering children typically repeated a portion of the word two or more times (range of 1-11).

Answer 59

False normally speaking children rarely repeated a part-word repetition more than one (range of 1-2), the stuttering children typically repeated a portion of the word two or more times (range of 1-11).

Question 60

True or False: Children in the early stages of stuttering tend to repeat at a faster rate than children who do not stutter

Answer 60

True

Question 61

this is a combination of two or different stuttering-like disfluencies

Answer 61

clustering of disfluencies

Question 61

what is clustering of disfluencies

Answer 61

Two or more consecutive disfluencies that occur within the same word, on adjacent words, or on a word and an adjacent between-word interval

Question 62

True or False a child has a generally low awareness of stuttering in onset

Answer 62

True

Question 62

More influential factors contributing to onset

Answer 62

Age Gender Twinning Genetic Factors Cognitive Abilities Motor Abilities S and L development Response to Emotional Events Social-communication demands at home

Question 62

Less Influential Factors to the onset of stuttering

Answer 62

Physical development and illness ■ Ex. mga sakit that would require surgery Culture, nationality and socioeconomic status ■ Example: change from one language to another Bilingualism ■ Ex. Having two languages Imitation