THEORIES OF STUTTERING DEVELOPMENT

Question 1

Puts together findings in a systematic way so that past phenomena are explained and future ones are predicted

Answer 1

theory

Question 2

set of formal hypotheses about the etiology or the cause of stuttering

Answer 2

stuttering theories

Question 3

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a stating point for further investigation

Answer 3

hypothesis

Question 4

What causes Stuttering?

Answer 4

There are no exact cause but there are a lot of contributing factors

Question 5

true or false

Stuttering is a complex disorder composed of few levels or factors.

Answer 5

false

MANY levels or factors

Question 6

One sign of the competent clinician is that ____

Answer 6

he or she does not casually provide an answer to the question of etiology

Question 7

age of onset

Answer 7

2-4

Question 8

earlier theoretical perspectives of stuttering etiology

Answer 8

• form of punishment for win on the part of the child/parent
• moses was a person who stuttered
• record of egyptians (nitnit)
• narrative from the middle kingdom of egypt (the tale of the shipwrecked sailor”
• problem with anatomical structure
• Johann Dieffenbach’s operations
• demosthenes’ use of pebbles

Question 9

nitnit or njtnjt means

Answer 9

“to talk hesitantly”

Question 10

theories explaining onset of stuttering

Answer 10

Psychological
Physiological
Learning
Multifactorial

Question 10

Suggesting that stuttering behaviors are a symptom indicative of an underlying psychological or emotional neurotic conflict

Answer 10

pscyhological theories

Question 10

told to place pebbles under his tongue and practice speaking loudly to the sea

Answer 10

demosthenes

Question 11

In this view, they see stuttering as a psychological problem

Answer 11

pscyhoanalytic

Question 12

a psychopathology and that the overt stuttering behaviors are symptomatic of a deep-seated psychological disorder

Answer 12

stuttering

Question 13

Another term for neurotic or psychoanalytic explanation of stuttering

Answer 13

repressed need hypothesis

Question 13

Stuttering to gain attention, sympathy or to avoid responsibilities

Answer 13

repressed need hypothesis

Question 14

Fixation of psychological development at an oral or anal stage of infant sexual development

Answer 14

psychosexual

Question 15

learning theories

Answer 15

Diagnosogenic
Anticipatory Struggle
Classical and Operant Conditioning

Question 16

At or near the onset of stuttering the speaker learns that speaking is difficult and subsequently learns to anticipate stuttering and struggles when attempting to produce fluent speech

Answer 16

learning theories

Question 17

Stuttering is a learned behavior

Answer 17

learning theories: Anticipatory Struggle

Question 18

what does Zeitgeist mean

Answer 18

trend

Question 18

A belief that stuttering is caused by the misdiagnosis of typical dysfluencies as stuttering

Answer 18

diagnosogenic theory

Question 19

if you continuously point out to someone na nagsstutter siya, mas dumadami stuttering nila

Answer 19

monster theory

Question 20

Stuttering, therefore, is created by the listener as normal breaks in fluency are shaped into stuttering

Answer 20

diagnosogenic theory

Question 21

Proposes that stuttering emerges from a child's experiences of frustration and failure when trying to talk

Answer 21

anticipatory-struggle model

Question 22

This view also proposes that stuttering develops from the normal fluency breaks produced by young children

Answer 22

continuity hypothesis

Question 23

true of false according to the continuity hypothesis, the development of stuttering is a consequence of the child’s trying to avoid normal fluency breaks that have been mislabeled

Answer 23

false, NOT a consequence but as tension and fragmentation increase especially for part-word repetitions, the pattern becomes chronic and the child is more likely to be e identified as someone who stutters

Question 24

what stage in classical conditioning The speech features of stuttering are a "form of fluency failure" which is believed to be associated with a negative emotional state (negative emotion causes initial fluency failure)

Answer 24

stage 1

Question 25

what stage in classical conditioning Negative emotion and resulting fluency failure become linked to certain external stimuli through associative learning

Answer 25

stage 2

Question 26

what stage in classical conditioning There is an extension of the range of stimuli to which the negative emotional response becomes associated.

Answer 26

stage 3

Question 27

what is classical conditioning

Answer 27

Stage 1 Unconditioned stimulus = food = stuttering OR negative emotion Unconditioned response = salivation = negative emotion OR stuttering Stage 2 Neutral Stimulus = bell = people/speaking situations Unconditioned stimulus = food = stuttering OR negative emotion Unconditioned response = salivation = negative emotion OR stuttering Stage 3 Conditioned Stimulus = bell = people/ speaking situations/ conversations Conditioned Response = Salivation = negative emotions OR Stuttering

Question 28

meant to increase behavior

Answer 28

reinforcement

Question 29

meant to decrease the behavior

Answer 29

punishment

Question 30

This physiological theory states that it is necessary for one hemisphere to be dominant over the other in order for speech movements to be properly synchronized and proposed that the left hemisphere was the more dominant in this process

Answer 30

cerebral dominance theory

Question 31

The phenomenon that one hemisphere of the brain (left or right) takes the lead or is stronger for a particular function.

Answer 31

hemispheric dominance

Question 32

This hypothesis attributes an inefficiency or over-adduction of the vocal folds as a core aspect of stuttering etiology

Answer 32

MODIFIED VOCALIZATION HYPOTHESIS

Question 33

iWhat physiological theory us under this: Although not specifically implicating the vocal folds, Starkweather (1995) stated that "elevated muscle activity is itself the proximal cause of stuttering behavior"

Answer 33

MODIFIED VOCALIZATION HYPOTHESIS

Question 34

What hypothesis is under this physiological theory: Expands on the role of the basal ganglia in stuttering by emphasizing their motor functions.

Answer 34

DUAL PREMOTOR SYSTEMS HYPOTHESIS

Question 35

This anatomical structure plays a key role in the automatization of fast motor sequences and provide timing cues to the supplementary motor area

Answer 35

basal ganglia

Question 36

This anatomical structure are subcortical structures in the center of the brain that receive input from many areas of the cerebral cortex and the limbic system

Answer 36

basal ganglia

Question 37

Hypothesis that focuses on timing and motor control

Answer 37

dual premotor system hypothesis

Question 38

direct pathway that includes the basal ganglia and the SMA

Answer 38

medial pathway

Question 39

indirect pathway, including the lateral premotor cortex and the cerebellum.

Answer 39

lateral pathway

Question 39

associated with self-initiated actions, and in connection with the limbic system, motivational factors

Answer 39

medial system

Question 40

Involuntary movements does not involve conscious planning, automatic

Answer 40

medial system

Question 41

functions in response to sensory input based on feedback control and is associated with voluntary and conscious control

Answer 41

lateral system

Question 42

Voluntary is sensory, self-initiated

Answer 42

lateral system

Question 43

true or false A peak in dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia occurs at age 2.5 to 3 years, approximately the same time of stuttering onset in young speakers.

Answer 43

true

Question 44

It has also been suggested that the DI/D2 ratio is lower in _____.

Answer 44

boys reason why mas prevalent sa boys compared to girls

Question 45

A decreased function of the direct (DI/D2 ratio) pathway results in _______- of the desired action

Answer 45

deficient activation

Question 46

proposes that most of the fluency inducing conditions such as singing, unison (choral) reading, and altered feedback create a shift in the dominance of speech motor timing from the impaired medial pathway to the lateral system, bypassing the instability of the medial system.

Answer 46

dual premotor theory

Question 47

The model proposes that internal or covert monitoring allows speakers to detect errors in phonological encoding prior to the implementation of articulatory commands

Answer 47

dual premotor theory

Question 48

Proposes a psycholinguistic perspective involving both production and perception to account for fluency breaks

Answer 48

covert repair hypothesis

Question 49

An explanation of stuttering as the result of the brain’s stopping production of speech when it detects an error in the plan that the brain has made to produce the word

Answer 49

covert repair hypothesis

Question 50

Language aspect (Cog-ling factor)

Answer 50

"plan"

Question 51

motor control; motor aspect

Answer 51

"ex"

Question 52

Presented as an autonomous model in that this sequence of production is not linked to internal or external monitoring.

Answer 52

EXPLAN model

Question 53

Breakdowns in fluency occur at the language-speech interface; although one linguistic plan is completed the next plan is not ready for execution

Answer 53

EXPLAN model

Question 54

has to do with the automatic control inherent in many mechanical and biological systems.

Answer 54

Cybernetic & Feedback Model

Question 55

The goal of this is to match the intended output to the actual output and reduce any differences that are detected between the two—the error signal—to zero.

Answer 55

servosystem

Question 56

goal of the cybernetic theory

Answer 56

servosystem

Question 57

Incorporate various forms of feedback that are used to regulate the output of a system

Answer 57

Cybernetic & Feedback Model

Question 58

Consider combinations of factors that result in the onset and development of stuttering

Answer 58

multifactorial theory

Question 59

it is because of many factors and overt signs of stuttering are seen as surface manifestations of an ever-changing neurophysiological process underlying the disorder.

Answer 59

dynamic-multifactorial model

Question 60

A view of stuttering that suggests that stuttering results when the demands put on a child's speech are greater than the child's capacity for fluency

Answer 60

demands and capacities model

Question 61

Under the Demands & Capacities model, this refers to inherited tendencies, strengths, weaknesses, and perceptions which may influence child's fluency

Answer 61

capacities

Question 62

Emphasizes the dynamic interplay among three levels of influence on human behavior and on stuttering in particular, ____, _____ and ___

Answer 62

processing, output and contextual

Question 63

central neurophysiological processes; what happens to your brain

Answer 63

processing

Question 64

motor, cognitive, language, social, and emotional processes

Answer 64

output