NORMAL DISFLUENCY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUTTERING

Question 1

the basic speech behaviors of stuttering repetitions, prolongations and blocks (three main behaviors we have to watch out for)

Answer 1

Core Behavior

Question 2

this will be monitored when we compare stuttering to normal disfuencies

Answer 2

Core Behavior

Question 3

speaker’s reactions to his or her repetitions, prolongations, and blocks, in on attempt to end them quickly or avoid them altogether

Answer 3

Secondary Behaviors

Question 4

Presence of the reaction to the core behaviors

Answer 4

Secondary Behaviors

Question 5

Can be divided into two broad classes: escape and avoidance behaviors

Answer 5

Secondary Behaviors

Question 6

May precipitate stutter just as stuttering precipitates _____

Answer 6

Feelings

Question 7

a pervasive part of a person’s beliefs

Answer 7

Attitudes

Question 8

speculations about the process that may cause disfluencies or stuttering at each developmental level.

Answer 8

Underlying Processes

Question 9

these processes explain why symptoms may change from level to level Why stuttering often changes from borderline to beginning to intermediate to severe levels.

Answer 9

Underlying Processes

Question 10

frequently observed among children who are just beginning to stutter and are simply a sound, syllable, or single-syllable word that is repeated several times

Answer 10

Repetitions

Question 11

Usually the first core behavior you would observe among children who stutter.

Answer 11

Repetitions

Question 12

In children who have not been stuttering for long, _____ and _____ are more common than multisyllable word repetitions

Answer 12

single-syllable word repetitions and part-word repetitions

Question 13

typical dysfluency has how many repetitions?

Answer 13

1 repetition

Question 14

CWS has how many repetitions?

Answer 14

2 or more repetitions

Question 15

Usually appear later than repetitions although may be present at onset

Answer 15

Prolongations

Question 16

Denote stutters in which sound or airflow continues but movement of the articulators (at a certain position) is stopped, but the airflow is continuous

Answer 16

Prolongation

Question 17

Prolongations as short as ______ may be perceived as abnormal, but in rare cases, they may last as long as _______

Answer 17

half a second and several minutes

Question 18

differentiate prolongations vs blocks

Answer 18

Prolongations = movement of articulators is stopped BUT airflow is continuous (there is still sound)
Blocks = airflow and movement of articulators stop

Question 19

Occur when a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of articulators.

Answer 19

blocks

Question 20

involve any level of the speech production mechanism - respiratory, laryngeal, or articulatory

Answer 20

blocks

Question 21

As stuttering persists across the developmental stages, blocks ________ , and tremors may become evident (lumalala)

Answer 21

grow longer and more tense AND tremors may become evident (lumalala)

Question 22

The individual closes off the airway, Increases air pressure behind the closure, and squeezes her muscles particularly hard

Answer 22

Blocks

Question 23

what are the secondary behaviors?

Answer 23

Escape and Avoidance Behaviors

Question 24

Speaker is already in the moment or in the middle of the stutter.

A speaker’s attempt to terminate a stutter and finish the word.

Answer 24

Escape Behaviors

Question 25

This occurs when the speaker is already in the moment of stuttering

Answer 25

Escape Behaviors

Question 26

Common Examples of Escape Behaviors

Answer 26

Common examples are eye blinks, head nods and interjections of extra sounds, such as "uh" which are often followed by the termination of a stutter and are therefore reinforced

Question 27

A speaker's attempt to prevent a stuttering when he or she anticipates stuttering on a word or in a situation

Answer 27

Avoidance Behaviors

Question 28

Avoidance Behaviors example

Answer 28

word-based avoidance: eye blinks, interjections of extra sounds, like "uh, said before the word on which stuttering is expected

Question 29

differentiate escape vs avoidance behaviors

Answer 29

Escape = nasa middle/moment ng stutter pero may intention to finish the word pero there would be interjections or mga eye blinks; intention is to terminate the behavior Avoidance = before; totally avoid so you would say another word, intention is to prevent and avoid the stutter

Question 30

T or F Adolescents and adults usually have negative attitudes about themselves that are derived from years of stuttering experiences

Answer 30

True

Question 31

T or F A person who stutters often projects his attitudes on listeners; sometimes, listeners do not contribute to the person's attitudes

Answer 31

False: listeners contribute

Question 32

What are the developmental levels of stuttering?

Answer 32

Normal Disfluency/Typical disfluency Younger Preschool Children: Borderline Stuttering Older Preschool Children: Beginning Stuttering School Age: Intermediate Stuttering Older Teens and Adults: Advanced Stuttering

Question 33

8 COMMON CATEGORIES OF NORMAL DISFLUENCY

Answer 33

Part-word repetition Single-syllable word repetition Multisyllabic Word Repetition Phrase Repetition Interjection Revision-incomplete phrase Prolongation Tense Pause

Question 34

Distinguishing features of normal disfluency

Answer 34

- amount of disfluency - number of units - type of disfluency

Question 35

Estimate that normally speaking preschool children have an average of about

Answer 35

7 disfluencies for every 100 words spoken

Question 36

Normal Disfluencies core behaviors are

Answer 36

- Interjections are also common, but usually decline after 3 years of age - Repetitions may also be a frequent type of disfluency

Question 36

____ usually decline after 3 years of age

Answer 36

interjections

Question 37

Normal Disfluencies Secondary Behaviors

Answer 37

Generally has no secondary behaviors

Question 38

Feelings and Attitudes under Normal Stuttering

Answer 38

Rarely notices his disfluencies; not aware, no concern

Question 39

Normal Disfluencies underlying processes

Answer 39

Stresses of speech language and psychosocial development processes

Question 40

Younger Children are under what type of Stuttering?

Answer 40

Borderline Stuttering

Question 41

Core Behaviors of Borderline Stuttering

Answer 41

11 or more disfluencies per 100 words Often more than 2 units in repetitions Disfluencies loose and relaxed

Question 42

Secondary Behaviors of Borderline Stuttering

Answer 42

Rare for child to react to disfluencies No secondary behaviors observed

Question 43

feelings and attitude of borderline stuttering

Answer 43

Generally not aware of the stuttering May occasionally show momentary surprise or mild frustration

Question 44

Stresses of speech language and processes, Psychosocial development interacting with constitutional predisposition are examples of?

Answer 44

Underlying Processes (Borderline)

Question 45

Older Preschool Children are ___

Answer 45

Begnning Stuttering

Question 46

Core Behaviors of Beg. Stuttering

Answer 46

Rapid, irregular and tense repetitions may have fixed articulatory posture in blocks (start of blocks) No interjections

Question 47

Secondary Behaviors of Beg. Stuttering

Answer 47

Escape Behaviors, Self Consciousness, Increase is pitch and loudness

Question 48

Feelings and Attitudes of Beg. Stuttering

Answer 48

become aware of disfluency and may express frustration

Question 49

Underlying Processes of Beg. Stuttering.

Answer 49

- increase in muscle tension and tempo - sensitivity to stress - Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors; effects of learning on stuttering - classical conditioning may interact with them

Question 50

BORDERLINE VS BEGINNING

Answer 50

Borderline = loose and relaxed Beginning = tension and awareness

Question 51

School Age are:

Answer 51

Intermediate Stuttering

Question 52

Core Behavior of Inter. Stuttering

Answer 52

Blocks in which sound and airflow are shut off With prolongation and repetition

Question 53

Secondary Behaviors of Inter Stuttering

Answer 53

Presence of both escape and avoidance behaviors

Question 54

Underlying Process of Inter. Stuttering

Answer 54

- Conditioned emotional reactions causing excess tension - Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors - avoidance conditioning

Question 55

Older Teens and Adults

Answer 55

Advanced Stuttering

Question 56

Core behavior of advance stuttering

Answer 56

Long, tense blocks Some with tremors

Question 57

Secondary Behvior of Advanced stutter

Answer 57

Presence of both extensive escape and avoidance behaviors

Question 58

Feelings & Attitudes of adv. stuttering

Answer 58

- Feelings of fear, frustration, embarrassment and shame - Attitude comes into play in this stage - Negative self-concept

Question 59

Underlying Processes of Adv. stuttering

Answer 59

Instrumental conditioning resulting in escape behaviors Plus cognitive learning Learning factors interacting with other factors

Question 60

number if borderlin disfluencies

Answer 60

11 or more disfluencies