Control Lecture 4: Auditory pathway

Question 1

Which part of the temporal bone is the ear located within?

Answer 1

Petrous part

Question 2

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 2

Facial (VII)

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Question 3

What is the outer part of the ear that captures sound waves called?

Answer 3

Pinna/Auricle

Question 4

What connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx?

Answer 4

Eustachian/pharyngotympanic/auditory tube

Question 5

Via what structure can infections pass from the middle ear to the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 5

Mastoid air cells

Question 6

Which blood vessel passes inferiorly to the middle ear?

Answer 6

Internal jugular vein

Question 7

Which blood vessel passes anterior to the middle ear?

Answer 7

Internal carotid artery

Question 8

What does the position of the internal carotid artery put the ear at risk of?

Answer 8

Pulsatile tinnitus

Question 9

Which structures traverse the middle ear?

Answer 9

Facial canal

Chorda tympani

Question 10

What are the three cavities in the inner ear?

Answer 10

Vestibule
Semi-circular canals
Cochlea

Question 11

What are the three bones in the inner ear, in order of superficial to deep?

Answer 11

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Question 12

What structure does the stapes hit to transmit sound waves?

Answer 12

Oval window

Question 13

What do the cavities of the inner ear contain?

Answer 13

Perilymph

Question 14

Is perilymph similar to intra or extra cellular fluid? Why?

Answer 14

Extra cellular

High Na+ concentration, low K+ concentration

Question 15

What does the cochlear duct contain?

Answer 15

Endolymph

Question 16

Is endolymph similar to intra or extra cellular fluid? Why?

Answer 16

Intra cellular

High K+ concentration, low Na+ concentration

Question 17

What is the cochlea above the cochlear duct called?

Answer 17

Scala vestibuli

Question 18

What is the cochlea below the cochlear duct called?

Answer 18

Scala tympani

Question 19

What is the apex of the cochlea called?

Answer 19

Helicotrema

Question 20

What is the final structure at the termination of the scala tympani?

Answer 20

Round window

Question 21

What is the roof of the cochlear duct made by?

Answer 21

Vestibular membrane

Question 22

What is the floor of the cochlear duct made by?

Answer 22

Basilar/basement membrane

Question 23

What is the sensory receptor in the cochlear duct, and which membrane is it on?

Answer 23

Spiral organ of Corti

Basilar membrane

Question 24

What is the name of the membrane that covers the spiral organ of Corti?

Answer 24

Tectorial membrane

Question 25

What are the tips of the hair cells from the spiral organ embedded?

Answer 25

Tectorial membrane

Question 26

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve enter the brainstem?

Answer 26

Cerebellopontine angle

Question 27

Where is the primary neuron cell body in the ascending auditory pathway?

Answer 27

Spiral ganglion

Question 28

Where is the first synapse in the ascending auditory pathway?

Answer 28

Cochlear nuclei

Question 29

What aspects of auditory inputs are compared to locate the origin of sounds?

Answer 29

Differences in time and volume between the two ears

Question 30

Through what structure do auditory neurons cross over the midline to become bilateral?

Answer 30

Trapezoid body

Question 31

What structures does the auditory pathway pass through between the cochlear nuclei and the primary auditory cortex in the brain, and where are they located?

Answer 31

Superior olivary nuclei - pons Inferior colliculus - pons Medial geniculate nuclei - thalamus

Question 32

What bilateral structures in the auditory pathway are able to communicate, contrary to the pathway mainly being seperate once it becomes bilateral?

Answer 32

Inferior colliculi

Question 33

What does the auditory pathway travel in between the superior olivary nuclei and the inferior colliculus?

Answer 33

Lateral lemniscus

Question 34

What does the auditory pathway travel in between the inferior colliculi and the medial geniculate nuclei?

Answer 34

Inferior brachium

Question 35

What part of the cerebral cortex is the primary auditory cortex?

Answer 35

Heschl's gyrus

Question 36

Which part of the basilar membrane is tighter?

Answer 36

Proximal

Question 37

Which part of the basilar membrane is looser?

Answer 37

Distal

Question 38

Which part of the basilar membrane is more sensitive to high frequencies?

Answer 38

Proximal

Question 39

Which part of the basilar membrane is more sensitive to low frequences?

Answer 39

Distal

Question 40

Would low or high frequency sound travel to the superficial/lateral part of Heschl's gyrus?

Answer 40

Low

Question 41

Would low or high frequency sound travel to the deep/medial part of Heschl's gyrus?

Answer 41

High

Question 42

Is Broca's area located anteriorly or posteriorly in the brain?

Answer 42

Anteriorly

Question 43

Is Wernicke's area located anteriorly or posteriorly in the brain?

Answer 43

Posteriorly

Question 44

Is Broca's area motor or sensory?

Answer 44

Motor

Question 45

Is Wernicke's area motor or sensory?

Answer 45

Sensory

Question 46

Is Broca's area associated with production of words or understanding of words?

Answer 46

Production of words

Question 47

Is Wernicke's area associated with production of words or understanding of words?

Answer 47

Understanding of words

Question 48

Which artery are the secondary auditory cortexes supplied by?

Answer 48

Middle cerebral artery

Question 49

At what point does the motor pathway to head and eye reflexes to sound leave the descending auditory pathway?

Answer 49

Inferior colliculus

Question 50

At what point does the motor pathway to stapedius and tensor tympani leave the descending auditory pathway?

Answer 50

Superior olivary nucleus

Question 51

At what point does the descending pathway to the cochlea leave the descending auditory pathway?

Answer 51

Cochlear nucleus

Question 52

What is the function of the muscles in the inner ear?

Answer 52

Dampen loud noises to prevent damage to ear

Question 53

Why is there a descending pathway to the cochlea?

Answer 53

Gives feedback to hair cells

Question 54

Which cranial nerve provides the innervation to tensor tympani and stapes?

Answer 54

Trigeminal