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Control and Movement 2 > Movement: Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Movement: Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What structure attaches the transverse processes to the body of a vertebra?

A

Pedicle

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2
Q

Which structure attaches the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebra?

A

Lamina

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3
Q

What unique feature do the cervical vertebrae have and what is their function?

A

Transverse foramen

Provides a pathway through which the vertebral arteries travel through

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4
Q

Which cervical vertebra has a small or absent transverse foramen?

A

C7 - vertebral arteries only run through transverse processes of C1-C6

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5
Q

What is the vertebra prominens?

A

Long spinous process of C7

Used as a bony landmark for vertebra counting

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6
Q

What does C1 (atlas) lack?

A

Vertebral body

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7
Q

What is the name of the ligament on the atlas that holds the dens in place?

A

Transverse ligament of the atlas

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8
Q

Name the superior projection from C2 that allows the atlas and head to rotate on an axis.

A

Dens

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9
Q

Which ligaments connect the dens to the skull?

A

Alar ligaments

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10
Q

What is the name of C2?

A

Axis

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11
Q

Which vertebrae are the smallest?

A

Cervical

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12
Q

Name the additional articular facets that thoracic vertebrae have and their function

A

Inferior and superior costal facets

Articulate with own rib above and the one below

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13
Q

Where do the rib tubercles articulate?

A

Transverse costal facet of their own rib

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14
Q

What are the rough shapes of the vertebral foramina?

A

Cervical - heart
Thoracic - circular
Lumbar - triangular

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15
Q

How does the size of the lumbar vertebral bodies and foramina compare to other vertebrae?

A

Larger to support more weight and allow for the passage of a larger spinal cord section

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16
Q

What replaces the superior articular process in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Mamillary process

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17
Q

To which vertebrae do the iliolumbar ligaments attach?

A

L5

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18
Q

What is another name for facet joints between vertebrae?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

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19
Q

What is the name of the most internal section of the intervertebral discs?

A

Nucleus pulposis

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus pulposis?

A

Absorbs shock and reduces compression in the spine

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21
Q

What is the function of the annulus fibrosis?

A

Limits rotation of the spine

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22
Q

What is the name of the external section of the intervertebral discs?

A

Annulus fibrosis

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23
Q

What are the two rings of the annulus fibrosis made of?

A

Outer ring: fibrocartilage

Inner ring: collagen

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24
Q

Where does the anterior longitudinal ligament originate, attach and insert?

A

Base of the skull
Vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
Anterior surface of the sacrum

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25
Which ligament starts at the base of the skull, attaches to all the vertebrae and inserts onto the posterior sacrum?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
26
Which pair of ligaments supports the spine and limits extension and flexion respectively?
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
27
Name the ligaments that run between adjacent laminae?
Ligamenta flava
28
What is the function of the ligamenta flava?
Limit flexion of the spine | Assist extension when flexed to return to anatomical position
29
Where does the ligamentum nuchae attach?
Base of the skull - between external occipital protuberance and foramen magnum Spinous processes of C1-C7
30
What does the ligamentum nuchae achieve?
Supports head | Limits flexion and assists extension when flexed to return to the anatomical position
31
Which ligaments run between adjacent spinous processes?
Interspinous ligaments
32
Name the three ligaments that limit flexion and assist extension when flexed to return to the anatomical position
Interspinous ligaments Ligamentum nuchae Ligamenta flava
33
How do the lower spinal nerve roots compare to the higher ones?
Longer and pass more obliquely
34
Where does the spinal cord end in adults?
L1/L2
35
Where does the spinal cord end in newborns?
L2/L3
36
Which meningeal space around the spinal cord is only a potential space in healthy individuals?
Subdural
37
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
CSF
38
What are trabeculae?
Connective tissue filaments that extend into the pia mater from the subarachnoid space
39
What does the epidural space contain in the spine?
``` Arteries Vertebral venous plexuses Spinal nerve roots Lymphatic components Fatty tissue ```
40
How many anterior and posterior spinal arteries are there?
One anterior, two posterior
41
Where do the spinal arteries originate?
Vertebral arteries
42
What vessels enter the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramina?
Radicular brances of intercostal and lumbar arteries
43
From what do the radicular branches of intercostal and lumbar arteries originate?
Segmental spinal arteries
44
How many anterior and posterior spinal veins are there?
One of each
45
Where does the anterior spinal vein run?
Anterior median fissure
46
Where does the posterior spinal vein run?
Posterior median sulcus
47
Where are the internal venous plexuses located?
Epidural space
48
Which plexus are the vertebral venous plexuses continuous with?
Prostatic plexus
49
Do spinal veins have valves?
No
50
What do spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramina as?
Anterior and posterior primary rami
51
Name the terminal cluster of spinal nerve roots below the level of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
52
What is the tapered end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
53
What is the subarachnoid space called inferior to the conus medullaris?
Lumbar cistern
54
Which spinal nerves are in the cauda equina?
L2-Co
55
Which structure connects the conus medullaris to the coccyx and creates tension to stabilise the spinal cord?
Filum terminale
56
Which rami of spinal nerves are extrinsic back muscles innervated by?
Ventral rami
57
Which rami of spinal nerves are the intrinsic back muscles innervated by?
Dorsal rami
58
What are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?
Splenius capitus | Splenius cervicis
59
What are the erector spinae muscles from medial to lateral and what is their function?
Intermediate intrinsic back muscles Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis Main extensors of the spinal colum
60
What is the function of the superficial intrinsic back muscles?
Bilaterally: draw head back Unilaterally: draw and rotate head to one side
61
Where does splenius capitus originate and insert?
Lower half of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes C7-T4 | Mastoid process of the skull and the lateral 1/3rd of the superior nuchal line
62
Where does splenius cervicis originate and insert?
Spinous processes T3-T6 | Transverse processes C1-C3
63
What are the deep intrinsic muscles of the back?
Semispinalis Multifidis Rotares
64
Generally, where do the deep intrinsic muscles of the back originate and insert?
Transverse processes of vertebrae | Spinous processes of more superior vertebrae
65
What is the function of the intermediate intrinsic back muscles?
Unilaterally: laterally flex the spine Bilaterally: extend the vertebral column and head
66
What is the function of the deep intrinsic back muscles?
Unilaterally: rotate the spine

Control and Movement 2 (22 decks)

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