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Flashcards in corazon Deck (23)
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1
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the middle mediastinum

2
Q

what surrounds the heart

A

the pericardium / epicardium

  • the fibrous pericardium: tough, outer layer that reflects onto great vessels
  • serous pericardium: layer that lines inner aspect of fibrous pericardium (parietal layer); reflects onto heart as epicardium (visceral layer)
3
Q

features of the right atrium

A
  • auricle: pouchlike appendage of atrium, embryonic heart tube derivative
  • pectinate muscles: ridges of myocardium inside auricle
  • crista terminalis: ridge that runs from the inferior to the superior vena cava openings, its superior extent masks the site of the SA node
  • fossa ovalis: depression in interatrial septum’ former site of foramen ovale
  • atrial openings: one of each for superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus (venous return from cardiac veins)
4
Q

features of the right ventricle

A
  • tuberculae carneae: irregular ridges of ventricular myocardium
  • papillary muscles: anterior, posterior and septal projections of myocardium extending into ventricular cavity; prevent valve leaflet prolapse
  • chordae tendineae: fibrous cords that connect papillary muscles to valve leaflets
  • moderator band: muscular band that conveys AV bundle from septum to base of ventricle at site of anterior papillary muscle
  • ventricular openings: one to pulmonary trunk through pulmonary valve; one to receive blood from right atrium through triscuspid valve
5
Q

name the valves of the right side of the heart

A
  • tricuspid valve (RIGHT AV valve) (has two valve leaflets)

- pulmonary valve (pulmonic semilunar valve) (has three valve leaflets)

6
Q

features of the left atrium

A
  • auricle: small appendage representing primitive embryonic atrium whose wall has pectinate muscles
  • atrial wall: wall slightly thicker than thin-walled right atrium
  • atrial openings: usually four openings for four pulmonary veins (2 superior and 2 inferior)
7
Q

features of the left ventricle

A
  • papillary muscles: anterior and posterior muscles, larger than those of right ventricle
  • chordea tendineae: fibrous cords that connect papillary muscles to valve leaflets
  • ventricular wall: wall much thicker than that of right ventricle
  • membranous septum: very thin superior portion of interventricular septum (IVS) and site of most ventricular septal defects
  • ventricular openings: one to aorta through aortic valve; one to receive blood from left atrium through mitral valve
8
Q

name the valves of the left side of the heart

A
  • mitral valve (LEFT AV valve)

- aortic valve (aoritc semilunar valve)

9
Q

Donde se escucha el foco aortico

A

segundo espacio intercostal linea paraesternal derecha

10
Q

donde de escucha el foco pulmonar

A

segundo espacio intercostal linea paraesternal izquierda

11
Q

donde de escucha el foco tricuspideo

A

cuarto espacio intercostal linea paraesternal izquierda

12
Q

donde de escucha el foco mitral / apex

A

quinto espacio intercostal linea media clavicular izquierda

13
Q

what innervates the pericardium and the heart

A
  • the pericardium is innervated by somatic pain fibers that course in the phrenic nerves (C3 - C5)
  • the heart itself is innervated by the autonomic nervous system
14
Q

what are the chief components of the hear innervation

A

ANS:

  • parasympathetics: derived from the vagus nerge (X), which courses to the cardiac plexus; parasympathetic stimulation slows the hear rate and decreases the force of contraction
  • sympathetics: derived from cervical and thoracic cardiac nerves originating in the T1-T4 intermediolateral cell column,these fibers course to the cardia plexus; sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and force of contraction
  • afferents: sensory nerve fibers course from the heart in the sympathetic nerves to dorsal root ganglia associated with T1-T4 spinal cord levels; these fibers convey pain associated with myocardial ischemia.
15
Q

what is the SA node

A

it’s the pacemaker of the heart; site where action potential is initiated, located in the right atrium

16
Q

what is the AV node

A

node that receives impulses from the SA node and conveys them to the common AV bundle (of His), locate in the right atrium

17
Q

what are the bundle branches

A

right and left bundles ahta convey impulses down either side of IVS to subendocardial Purkinje system

18
Q

what are the first set of arteries that arise from the ascending aorta

A

the coronary arteries (left and right)

19
Q

name the major branches of the right coronary artery

A
  • sinuatrial (SA) nodal
  • right marginal
  • posterior interventricular (posterior descending)
  • atrioventricular (AV) nodal
20
Q

name the major branches of the left coronary artery

A
  • circumflex
  • anterior interventricular (left anterior descending / LAD)
  • left marginal (can sometimes be a branch of the circumflex)
21
Q

name the major cardiac veins

A
  • small cardiac vein: parallelrs right marginal atery and drains into coronary sinus
  • middle cardiac vein: parallels posterior descending artery and drains into coronary sinus
  • great cardiac vein: parallels LAD artery and drains into coronary sinus
22
Q

nombra las arterias que se ocluyen en el infarto al miocardio con mas frecuencia

A
  • la rama IV anterior de la ACI (40 - 50%)
  • ACD (30 - 40%)
  • rama circunfleja de la ACI (15 - 20%)
23
Q

name the conduction path of the heart

A

SA node (60-100bpm) –> AV node (40-60bpm) –> common AV bundle of His –> purkinje system (20-40bpm)