Corrections

Question 1

Why do we get enamel discolouration ?

Answer 1

ageing leads to thinning of enamel

shining of the dentine through the enamel

Question 2

What do stains in enamel get trapped in ?

Answer 2

microscopic pits

Question 3

How does hydrogen peroxide whiten teeth ?

Answer 3

free radicals enter enamel pores

reduce large chromogenic molecules into smaller molecules that diffuse out of the pores

Question 4

Why does enamel get more mineralised over time ?

Answer 4

fluorapatite

Question 5

What happens in enamel remineralisation ?

Answer 5

calcium
fluoride
phosphate

Question 6

Describe the strucuture of enamel carious lesions ?

Answer 6

surface zone- enamel remineralisation and intact
Body - enamel destruction
dark zone- enamel remineralisation
translucent zone- enamel demineralisation

Question 7

How are WSL reversible ?

Answer 7

removal of biofilm

intact enamel

Question 8

What does secondary dentine do ?

Answer 8

reduces the size of the pulp chamber

Question 9

What is the structure of secondary dentine compared with primary dentine ?

Answer 9

odontoblast death means less tubules

Question 10

Why does peritubular dentine form ?

Answer 10

deposition of calcium phosphate ions from dentinal fluid

Question 11

What does peritubular dentine not contain ?

Answer 11

collagen

Question 12

What does sclerotic dentine look like ?

Answer 12

transparent

Question 13

Why does sclerotic dentine form ?

Answer 13

pathological or physiological

Question 14

Where do odontoblast like cells come from in reparative dentine ?

Answer 14

dental pulp

Question 15

What happens in response to attrition ?

Answer 15

reactionary dentine
peritubular dentine
wear of the crown

Question 16

What are the different types of pulp stones ?

Answer 16

false- calcified degenerated pulp tissue
true- organic matrix and dentinal tubules
diffuse calculations- blood vessels and collagen

Question 17

What are some age changes in the PDL ?

Answer 17

decreased cell numbers
shorter life spans
increased collagen 
thicker bundles 
less regular sharpeys fibres

Question 18

What is phsyiological attirtion ?

Answer 18

due to mastication

affects occlusal and interproximal areas

Question 19

What is pathologiacal attrition ?

Answer 19

chewing and abnormal movements

habitual

Question 20

What does abrasion lead to ?

Answer 20

v shaped cervical lesions

Question 21

What is the sugar used for glucans ?

Answer 21

sucrose

high energy glycosidie bond

Question 22

What allows the initiation of tooth development and tooth froming region ?

Answer 22

antagonistically acting molecules secreted by the oral epithelium

Question 23

Which teeth are most likely to be effected with a PAX9 gene mutation ?

Answer 23

permenant molars

Question 24

Where are accessory root canals found ?

Answer 24

in the root apex

Question 25

Which gene family encodes for transcription factors ?

Answer 25

MSX | Wnt is signalling molecule

Question 26

Which process takes place in the body of a carious lesion /

Answer 26

enamel destruction

Question 27

What is torus platinus ?

Answer 27

benign overgrowth of the palate

Question 28

What is the order of PDL fibres ?

Answer 28

Transseptal alveolar crest horizontal oblique

Question 29

What type of mucosa is the hard palate ?

Answer 29

Medial palate mucosa is thick and orthokeratinised mucoperosteum

Question 30

What happens in formation ?

Answer 30

differnetiation of osteoblats

Question 31

What happens in resorption ?

Answer 31

activation of osteoclasts

Question 32

What happens in resting ?

Answer 32

coverage by bone lining cells

Question 33

What happens in reversal ?

Answer 33

disappearance of osteoclasts

Question 34

What is the cortical plate ?

Answer 34

surface layer of outermost alveoalr bone supported by osteons Thicker in mandible and buccaly thickers in 4s and 5s

Question 35

What is the spongiosa ?

Answer 35

trabcular (cancellous bone) rich in adipose tissue absennt in anterior teeth

Question 36

What is the alveolar plate ?

Answer 36

lamellar bone bundle bone sharpeys fibres perforation for blood vessels

Question 37

Where are osteoclasts found ?

Answer 37

howships lacunae

Question 38

What is the function of bone lining cells ?

Answer 38

protection from resorption | initiatiating bone remodelling

Question 39

Which PRR recognises double stranded RNA ?

Answer 39

TLR3 | viruses

Question 40

What are the TFs produced when a PAMP binds to TLR4 ?

Answer 40

NF-Kbeta | IRF

Question 41

Which cytokines are produced in innate signalling ?

Answer 41

IL-1- neutrophil activation IL-6 B cell activation IL-12 Nk cell activation

Question 42

What are the tissues involved in the acute phase response ?

Answer 42

Liver bone marrow fat muscle hypothalamus

Question 43

Which cell surface molecule is expressed on all T cells ?

Answer 43

CD3

Question 44

Where does antigen presentation take place ?

Answer 44

in the germinal centres of the lymph nodes

Question 45

Where does B cell activation by T cells take place ?

Answer 45

germinal centres- lymph nodes

Question 46

How is T cell activation induced immediately after activation ?

Answer 46

IL-2 receptor and IL-2 secreted

Question 47

What are the locii for the heavy and light chains ?

Answer 47

heavy chain- 3 locii | light chain- 2 locii called kappa and lambda

Question 48

Which enzyme mediated gene arrangement for cell surface molecules ?

Answer 48

RAG | for TCRs and antibodies

Question 49

What does somatic hypermutation allow ?

Answer 49

microevolution of affintiy for antigen- strogner affintiy for antigen during the primary immune response

Question 50

Where does isotype switch happen and how is it regulated ?

Answer 50

IgM to IgG in the germinal centres regulated by cytokines

Question 51

Which 2 factors promote periodontitis

Answer 51

age | smoking

Question 52

What histological changes happen in a lymphocytic infiltrate ?

Answer 52

densely staining cells with no structure/boundary/ regular shape

Question 53

Which 2 responses might exacerbate host responses to dental plaque ?

Answer 53

type 2 diabetes | obesity

Question 54

Give 2 emerging pathogens ?

Answer 54

HIV | ebola

Question 55

Give 2 eradicated pathogens?

Answer 55

small pox | polio

Question 56

What is mucin secrered by ?

Answer 56

epithelial cells

Question 57

Which site is the site of majority of human disease in mucosa ?

Answer 57

lungs

Question 58

What is the biological basis for AMP action ?

Answer 58

amphipathic | attack biological membranes

Question 59

Which 2 molecules stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis ?

Answer 59

cytokines | complement

Question 60

How is haemoatopoieses regulated ?

Answer 60

bone stromal cells | cytokines

Question 61

Which tissue of the mucosal immune system provide immunity in the mouth ?

Answer 61

salivary glands

Question 62

What is the apearance of moncytes ?

Answer 62

kidney shape dnucleus

Question 63

What is the appearance of lymphocytes /

Answer 63

round eccnetric nucleus lots of ER

Question 64

Name 4 molecules that mediate pathogen destruction in neutrophils ?

Answer 64

NO ROS lysozyme AMPs