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BDS stage 2 > IAH corrections > Flashcards

IAH corrections Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

What are the most important factors in promoting periodontitis ?

A

age
smoking
plaque

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2
Q

What are the histological change do you see in a lymphocytic infiltrate ?

A

densely staining cells with no shape or boundary

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3
Q

What is the evidence that MMPs mediate tissue destruction in periodontitis ?

A

MMP inhibitor is doxycline is used as an adjunct in periodontitis

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4
Q

What are 2 examples of emerging human pathogens ?

A

ebola and HIV

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of reemerging human pathogens ?

A

measles and TB

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6
Q

What are two pathogens that have been eradicated ?

A

small pox and polio

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7
Q

Which pathogen lives in burns and causes cystic fibrosis ?

A

pseudomonas aureginosa

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8
Q

What is the location of the majority of human disease due to mucosal infection ?

A

lungs

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9
Q

What is the mode of action of AMPs ?

A

they are amphipathic- insert into cell membranes

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10
Q

Identify 2 molecules that stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis ?

A

chemokines

complement

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11
Q

How is haematopoiesis regulated ?

A

by bone marrow stromal cells

by cytokines

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12
Q

What are the 3 major haemoatopoietic lineages ?

A

myeloid
eryhtroid
lymphoid

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13
Q

Which tissue of the mucosal immune system provides prtoection in the mouth ?

A

salivary glands

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14
Q

What is the appearance of monocytes ?

A

kidney bean shaped nucleus

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15
Q

What are the 4 consequences of innate signalling ?

A 
initiation of the adaptive immunity 
neurophil chemotaixis 
acute phase response 
IFN response 
cytokine release
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16
Q

Give an example of NOD receptor ?

A

mannose binding lectin

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17
Q

Give an example of a endosomal PRR ?

A

TLR3

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18
Q

What are the 2 ways that immune response is dyanamic ?

A

spatai changes

improves

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19
Q

What are some generla host factors that increase suscpetibility to infections ?

A 
age
nutrtion 
chronic diseases
drugs 
smoking
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20
Q

What happens to the level of microbes with adaptive immunity ?

A

it is contained by the innate immunity but then increases

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21
Q

What determines the baalcne in the Th1/Th2 in an infection ?

A

amount of peptide

cytokine environment

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22
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation ?

A 
heat
redness
swelling 
pain -
loss of fucntion
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23
Q

What does oedema contribute to /

A

swelling and pain

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24
Q

What are some environmentla agents leading to inflammation ?

A

ionising radition
heat
cold
acid

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25
What are consequences of chronic inflammation ?
fibrosis | tissue destruction
26
What is the role of CRP in the acute phase response ?
opsinisation | complemnt fixation
27
How doe strep pneumoniae evade the immune system ?
having a large number of serotypes that differ in their capsualr polysaccharide
28
What are some social/demographic factors that influence the spread of diseases ?
war migration globalisation poverty
29
What are antigenic drift outbreaks like ?
limited seasonal variation cocnentrated different subpopualtions have different immunity
30
What are antigenic shift outbreaks like ?
pandemic jump between species no ecisting immunity novel strains
31
How does herpes simplex evade the immune system ?
in nervous system - trigeninal tract quisecent state not much MHC class I
32
Give a latent herpes virus that reactivates and causes disease ?
varicella zoster shingles torso and head and neck
33
Why does treponema pallidum coat itself in fibronectin ?
evade antibody detection
34
What type of response do bacterial supernantigens lead to ?
polyclonal
35
Why do mutations in RAG 1 and 2 have such profound effects on T/B cell responses ?
no RAG- no variety in TCRs and anitboides
36
What are 5 causes of secondary immunodeficiency ?
``` HIV drugs like immunosupressants immunosunescene Burns- trauma tumours- chronic lymphocytic leukamia ```
37
Why is it hard to gage the extent of HIV infection ?
asymptomatic phase
38
What are properties of HIV that compromise effective immune repsonse agaisnt it ?
high mutation rate greate genetic varaibility latency
39
Despite the fact we have effective vaccines why are some populations still susceptible ?
economics | need for refridgeration
40
Which vaccines are adminstered mucosally ?
polio | influenza
41
Why do we need adjuvants ?
purified antigen on its own doesnt give a good innate response
42
Give some examples of adjuvants ?
alum salts squalene oils B.pertussis toxin
43
What are the consequences of a woman with Graves disease becoming pregnants ?
autoimmune antibodies can pass across placenta | act on the TSH receptro ant become hyperthyroid
44
How do Hep B and C exist ?
quiscent state
45
Why might some places have higher rates of infectious disease ?
varying levels of existing immunity
46
What are rash kopliks spots ?
white spots on oral mucosa
47
What factors can reduce the effectivenes of vaccination programmes ?
lack of healthcare infrastructure to distribute and store industrial apathy- no manufacturing expensive mutation in live attneuated vaccines
48
Which groups of the population need targeted vaccination ?
healthcare workers chronic disease- asthma need influenza lab workers travellers
49
Why have there been no trials of a periodontitis vaccine ?
antibodies are not effective periodontitis is not fatal too expensive
50
Where are NOD receptors located ?
intracellular
51
What does TLR9 respond to ?
intracellular/endosomal | methylated DNA
52
What does TLR2 respond to ?
lipoproteins, lipomannins and lipoteichoic acids
53
Where are TLR3 and 9 located ?
endosomal
54
What do paneth cell secrete ?
alpha defensins phospholipase lysiszyme
55
Which T cell contain HSV ?
CD8
56
What determines Ig class ?
constant region and heavy chain
57
What allows isotype switch ?
IgM to IgG | Somatic recombination
58
What are the 2 strategies adopted to avoid transplant rejection ?
pharamaceutical immunosupression MHC mathcing can check for antibodies
59
What are 4 tissues that are not organs that can be transplanted ?
cornea bone marrow blood heart valves
60
What is allotransplantation ?
transplantation between members of the same species
61
What is autotransplantaion ?
transplanttion from individuals to themselves
62
What is xenotransplantation ?
transplanatation between members of different species
63
What is an early symptom of graft v host disease ?
akin rash
64
What are 3 features of a rejected solid organ transplant ?
fibrosis necrosis red area swollen
65
What to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies do in non hodgkins lymphoma treatment ?
bind to CD20 molecules on B cells | activate NK cells and apoptosis
66
Which 2 disorders can be targeted with anti TNF antibodies ? side effect ? wat is an alternative therapeutuc targer ?
rheumatoid arthritis crohns disease activtion of TB in infected cells use IL-6 receptpr- tocilizumab
67
What is a tumour specifc antigen ?
antigen expressed by tumours only | not on healthy cells
68
What is kaposis sarcoma associated with ?
connective tissue
69
What is cervical carcinoma associated with ?
epithelial cells
70
How do we know that neutrophils are a key defence against perioodontal pathogens ?
neutropenia have severe periodontitis
71
Why is IgA synthesised as a dimer ?
increases valency | functionally significant in secretory process
72
Which cells recognise plaque PAMPs in the periodontium ?
fibroblasts osteoclasts epithelial cells
73
What are 3 targets of MMP in the periodontium ?
PDL Alveoalar bone Gingiva- lamina propia

BDS stage 2 (28 decks)

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