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Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

what is major input to prefrontal cortex?

A

mediodorsal thalamus

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2
Q

characterized by layers, pattern of distribution of cell bodies in cortex

A

cytoarchitecture

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3
Q

emotion conveyed by tone of voice; what hemisphere is this located?

A

prosody; right

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4
Q

what functions are typically associated with left hemisphere?

A

language, praxis, arithmetic (calculating/analytical) and musical ability (analytical skills), sense of direction (following directions)

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5
Q

what functions are typically associated with right hemisphere?

A

prosody, spatial attention, arithmetic (line up columns of numbers), musical ability (untrained), sense of direction (sense of spatial orientation)

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6
Q

what results as lesion of non-dominant hemisphere?

A

hemineglect

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7
Q

part of allocortex…afferents from septal areas, first in evolution; what makes up this?

A

archicortex; hippocampus and limbic cortex

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8
Q

part of allocortex…makes up 3-5 layers, afferents from olfactory areas (basal olfactory structures, entorhinal, periamygdaloid areas)

A

paleocortex

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9
Q

these were two pioneering doctors in split brian research

A

Sperry and Gazzaniga

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10
Q

which hemisphere acts as interpreter (tries to make sense of what it’s seeing)

A

left

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11
Q

what is lesion in Gerstmann syndrome? what blood vessels is commonly involved?

A

dominant parietal lobe; PCA

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12
Q

right/left confusion, finger agnosia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, R hemianopia (unrelated, but optic radiations commonly affected)

A

Gerstmann syndrome

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13
Q

these make up the internal granular layer; what does it receive projections from?

A

spiny and smooth stellate neurons; VPL and VPM, LGN (only in striate)

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14
Q

what fibers come from internal pyramidal layer? what cells are located in this area?

A

corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticostriatal fibers; Betz cells

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15
Q

multiform layer is major source of these fibers

A

corticothalamic

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16
Q

horizontal myelinated fiber bundles in lamina IV and V make these

A

bands of Baillarger

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17
Q

what are general symptoms of Gerstmann’s syndrome?

A

agraphia, acalculia, r/l disorientation, finger agnosia

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18
Q

what hemisphere is typically in involved in prosopagnosia?

A

right

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19
Q

this fiber bundle is affected if can’t communicate between Wernicke’s and Broca’s

A

arcuate fasicuclus (SLF)

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20
Q

basically word blindness…write but not read (language areas cut off from visual input)

A

alexia (w/o agraphia)

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21
Q

blood vessel involved in alexia w/o agraphia

A

PCA

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22
Q

three domains involved in frontal lobe function

A

restraint, initiative, order

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23
Q

prefrontal lesion….apathy, lifeless, abulic state; no personality, lack initiative, no focus

A

dorsolateral lesion

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24
Q

prefrontal lesion (common in criminals)…impulsive, emotionally disinhibited, poor judgement/irritability/euphoria

A

orbitofrontal lesion

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25
prefrontal lesion...depression life symptoms
left frontal
26
prefrontal lesion....associated with mania
right frontal
27
these are frontal release signs that are normally suppressed in development
suckling and grasp reflex
28
thalamocortical inputs to frontal lobe
dorsomedial and anterior nuclei
29
thalamocortical inputs to primary somatosensory cortex (3,1,2)
VPL/VPM
30
thalamocortical inputs to occipital and temporal lobes (17-22, 36-38, 41, 42)
pulvinar
31
thalamocortical inputs to primary visual cortex (area 17)
LGN
32
thalamocortical inputs to primary auditory cortex (41, 42)
MGN
33
thalamocortical inputs to limbic lobe (area 23-31, 33-35)
anterior nucleus
34
unimodal association cortex for visual association located in what areas?
18, 19, 20, 21, 37 (visual association cortex)
35
unimodal association cortex for somatosensory located in what area?
5
36
unimodal association cortex for auditory association located in what area?
22
37
unimodal association cortex for premotor and supplementary motor located in what area?
6
38
unimodal association cortex for frontal eye fields located in what area?
8
39
association cortexes that are multimodal
prefrontal, parietal, and temporal
40
out layer of horizontal myelinated fiber bundles in lamina IV and V in primary visual cortex
stria of Gennari
41
what are output cells of cortex? what layers are these located in?
pyramidal cells; II, III, V
42
NT for pyramidal cells
glutamate
43
giant cells of Betz are located exclusively in this area
motor cortex
44
are stellate cells (\*layer 4\*) excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
45
these make up the local circuit of interneurons with pyramidal cells
stellate, basket, Retzius-cajal cells and cells of Matinotti
46
SLF bundle connects these structures
frontal, parietal, occipital
47
arcuate bundle connects these structures
frontal and temporal
48
inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus bundle connects these structures
occipital and frontal
49
uncinate fasciculus connects these structures
frontal and temporal
50
cingulum bundle connects these structures
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
51
arcuate loop connects these structures
adjacent gyri
52
thalamus projects primarily to this layer
IV
53
efferent fibers of pyramidal axons typically come from these layers
V and VI
54
primary sensory cortex is granular or agranular? what layer of sensory cortex is thickest?
granular; layer IV
55
primary motor cortex is granular or agranular? what layer of motor cortex is thickest?
agranular; layer V
56
these are multimodal association cortices
prefrontal, parietal and temporal association cortex
57
this determines cerebral dominance
Wada test
58
lesion to these areas will produce Broca's aphasia (expressive); what blood vessel may be implicated?
44, 45; MCA (could also see contra motor)
59
blood vessel and additional structure that are compromised in Wernicke's aphasia
MCA and possibly Meyer's loop
60
characterized by alexia, agraphia, word salad (no fluent speech), \*unaware of disability\*
Wernicke's aphasia
61
this is interrupted in conduction aphasia; what does this structure connect?
uncinate fasciculus; Broca's and Wernicke's areas
62
what is blood vessel involved in global aphasia (Broca's and Wernicke's)
ICA or MCA (M1)
63
lesion here will cause alexia without agraphia; what blood vessel is involved usually?
dominant occipital cortex; PCA
64
what is prevented in dominant occipital cortex lesion (alexia without agraphia)? what does this cause?
processing visual info from R hemifield; R hemianopia
65
lesion here causes alexia WITH agraphia
inferior parietal lobe
66
what are symptoms of Gerstmann's syndrome? what part of cortex is affected?
agraphia, acalculia, R/L disorientation, finger agnosia; inferior parietal lobule/angular gyrus
67
nondominant hemisphere is responsible for this
attention and visual-spatial gestalt
68
lesion of nondominant hemisphere will result in this in regards to attention
contralateral hemineglect
69
inability to recognized left side of body (lesion of nondom hemisphere)
asomatognosia
70
inability to negotiate familiar surroundings (lesion of nondom hemisphere)
topographic memory loss
71
lesion of dom or nondom hemisphere will cause loss of affect...cant appreciate humor
nondominant
72
this comprises 1/3 of cerebral cortex
frontal lobes
73
area for premotor cortex; postural adjustment for skilled movement (FEF also located here)
6
74
located on medial surface in front of primary motor area....\*micturition center\*
supplementary motor center
75
these make up motor areas of frontal lobe
primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor, limbic lobe, prefrontal cortex
76
this responsible for integration of multimodal sensory, motor, limbic information (\*heteromodal association cortex\*)
prefrontal cortex
77
functions of frontal lobes
restraint, initiative, order
78
this allows for shifting of attention, adaptability, see options, 'go with the flow'
cingulate gyrus
79
problems with this causes addictive behavior, obsessions/compulsions, argumentative, worrying, OCD, eating disorder
cingulate gyrus

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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