cortical

Question 1

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 1

Visual perception and interpretation.

Question 2

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Answer 2

Integration of sensory input, spatial awareness, body map.

Question 3

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 3

Motor planning, voluntary movement, somatosensation, decision-making.

Question 4

What is the function of the piriform lobe?

Answer 4

Olfactory processing tied to emotion via limbic system.

Question 5

Olfactory processing tied to emotion via limbic system.

Answer 5

Olfactory processing tied to emotion via limbic system.

Question 6

What are signs of occipital lobe damage?

Answer 6

Cortical blindness with normal PLR.

Question 7

What are signs of parietal lobe damage?

Answer 7

Hemineglect and bizarre spatial perception.

Question 8

Hemineglect and bizarre spatial perception.

Answer 8

Delayed movement, contralateral sensory deficits, adversive syndrome.

Question 9

What are signs of piriform lobe damage?

Answer 9

Loss of smell (anosmia), emotional disturbances.

Question 10

What are signs of temporal lobe damage?

Answer 10

Minimal hearing loss due to bilateral auditory pathways.

Question 11

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 11

Converts short-term memory into long-term memory.

Question 12

What does the amygdala do?

Answer 12

Forms emotional memory, especially fear.

Question 13

What is the role of the cingulate gyrus?

Answer 13

Emotional and autonomic processing.

Question 14

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 14

Regulates autonomic and endocrine functions, survival behaviors.

Question 15

What is the thalamus responsible for?

Answer 15

Sensory relay and part of limbic processing.

Question 16

What is the definition of ‘alert’?

Answer 16

Normal responsiveness to the environment.

Question 17

What is the definition of ‘obtunded’?

Answer 17

Reduced alertness, still responsive.

Question 18

What is the definition of ‘stuporous’?

Answer 18

Responds only to painful stimuli.

Question 19

What is the definition of ‘comatose’?

Answer 19

Unresponsive to external stimuli; reflexes may be intact.

Question 20

What is the definition of ‘delirious’?

Answer 20

Disoriented or inappropriate responses.

Question 21

What system is essential for consciousness?

Answer 21

Functional cortex + Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS).

Question 22

What causes unconsciousness rapidly?

Answer 22

Lesion to ARAS.

Question 23

What are signs of narcolepsy in dogs?

Answer 23

Sudden collapse, cataplexy, can be easily roused.

may occur due to excitement or feeding

Question 24

What is often the cause of narcolepsy in dogs?

Answer 24

Heritable hypocretin receptor mutation in hypothalamus.

Question 25

What posture results from rostral brainstem damage?

Answer 25

Decerebrate rigidity (opisthotonus + rigid limb extension + UNCONSCIOUSNESS).

Question 26

What posture results from cerebellar damage?

Answer 26

Decerebellate rigidity (thoracic extension, pelvic flexion, CONSCIOUSNESS).

Question 27

What posture is caused by severe thoracolumbar spinal cord damage?

Answer 27

Schiff-Sherrington posture (hindlimb paralysis, forelimb hyperextension in lateral recumbency).

Question 28

What is a simple partial seizure?

Answer 28

Focal seizure with no loss of consciousness.

Question 29

What is a complex partial seizure?

Answer 29

Behavioral or emotional seizures; may involve limbic system

Question 30

What is a generalized seizure?

Answer 30

Involves both hemispheres and loss of consciousness and motor signs.

Question 31

What are the stages of a seizure?

Answer 31

Aura: Warning signs (fear pacing , pupil dilation) Ictus: (Seizure event) Post-ictus: disorientation, pacing, blindness

Question 32

What does phenobarbital do?

Answer 32

Enhances GABA receptor activity (hyperpolarizes neuron through Ca influx).

Question 33

What does diazepam do?

Answer 33

Increases GABA receptor affinity.

Question 34

What does bromide do?

Answer 34

Replaces Cl⁻ in neurons to stabilize against action potentials.

Question 35

What is the master regulator of circadian rhythms?

Answer 35

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus.

Question 36

What occurs during REM sleep?

Answer 36

Flaccid paralysis and dreaming behavior (paddling, vocalizing)

Question 37

frontal lobe lesions/damage

Answer 37

adversive syndrome - deviation of eyes/head, wide circling towards lesion.

Question 38

signs that reflect generalized cortical dysfunction

Answer 38

compulsive head pressing circling altered consciousness abnormal postures

Question 39

core limbic system structures

Answer 39

hippocampus amygdala cingulate gyrus hypothalamus thalamus

Question 40

key functions of limbic system

Answer 40

assigns emotional value to sensory experiences integrates emotion and memory links emotion with autonomic response (HR, GI, sweating) plays a minor role in motivated behaviors (feeding, sex, fear, bonding)

Question 41

amygdala driven fear can:

Answer 41

persist even if conscious awareness is removed

Question 42

cortical damage requires ________ involvement to impair consciousness

Answer 42

diffuse

Question 43

what is a Grand mal seizure?

Answer 43

class seizure: tonic --> clinic phases + autonomic signs

Question 44

what is a Petit mal (absence) seizure?

Answer 44

brief lapse in awareness; rare in animals

Question 45

6 types of seizures

Answer 45

1. Focal (partial) 2. Simple partial 3. Complex partial 4. Generalized 5. Grand mal 6. Petit mal

Question 46

what is hemineglect and where is the lesion?

Answer 46

Loss of spatial awareness on one side; parietal cortex

Question 47

what is a clinical hallmark of narcolepsy?

Answer 47

cataplexy

Question 48

cataplexy

Answer 48

a sudden and brief episode of muscle weakness or complete paralysis that is triggered by strong emotions, excitement, and they remain fully conscious