SNEPA

Question 1

Smell reaction

Answer 1

A: CN I - olfactory nerve

E: multiple somatic nerves

cortical awareness is needed

cover eyes place good smelling object look for behavioral response

ANOSMIA: loss of smell - this is not common and usually due to a tumor or virus or disruption of cribriform plate

Question 2

Tracking response

Answer 2

A: Optic (II)

E: multiple somatic nerves

central integration is needed

stand behind animal and throw cotton ball on either side

A lesion in any part of the pathway, most commonly the visual pathway or visual cortex, will prevent normal tracking of a moving object. Damage to the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, or optic tract will not only impair vision, but will also cause deficits in the pupillary light reflexes. Damage to the LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS, optic radiation, or occipital cortex will produce visual deficits alone.

Question 3

Menace response

Answer 3

A: Optic (II)

E: Facial (VII)

central integration - conscious perception of the occipital cortex

failure indicates blindness OR impaired facial nerve

BLINDNESS: retina, optic n., optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus, optic radiation, occipital cortex (ANYWHERE ALONG VISUAL PATHWAY)

FACIAL N PARALYSIS: paralysis of the m. orbicularis oculi

To differentiate ^^, observe the animal in unfamiliar surroundings to see if it avoids and navigates around obstacles.

but the most commonly affected sites are VISION, the FACIAL nerve, or the CEREBELLUM. The menace response is often absent with diffuse cerebellar disease.

Question 4

Visual Placing Reaction (TABLE) - POSTURAL reaction

Answer 4

A: Optic (II)

E: multiple somatic nerves

central integration - occipital and motor cortices of CEREBRUM

normal animal will reach for the table

abnormal response = damage in either sensory or motor

Question 4

Pupillary Light Reflex

Answer 4

A: Optic (II)

E: Oculomotor (III) - PARASYMPATHETIC

NO central integration

shine light in both eye. assess for direct and indirect

abnormal = dilation = MYDRIASIS of AFFECTED pupil.

damage of retina or optic nerve = abnormal BOTH direct AND indirect

Lesions that affect the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, or optic tract will produce visual AND pupillary deficits.

Lesions affecting the pretectal nuclei, the parasympathetic nucleus of the oculomotor nerve, the oculomotor nerve, the ciliary ganglion, the short ciliary nerves, or the m. constrictor pupillae will produce pupillary deficits WITHOUT affecting vision.

Question 5

sympathetic

Answer 5

emergency! fight or flight. dilates pupils which is confusing to me but ok.

Question 6

parasympathetic

Answer 6

rest and digest pupillary constriction

Question 7

horner’s syndrome

Answer 7

Horner’s syndrome is caused by disruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye.

✅ Classic Signs in Dogs & Cats (usually unilateral):
Miosis – SMALL pupil (due to unopposed parasympathetic input)

Ptosis – drooping upper eyelid

Enophthalmos – sunken eye (loss of sympathetic tone in orbital muscles)

Protrusion of the third eyelid – due to enophthalmos

Question 7

movement and position (NYSTAGMUS)

Answer 7

A: Vestibular division of vestibularcochlear n. ALSO TESTS VESTIBULAR REFLEXES/SYSTEM FOR ELICITED NYSTAGMUS

E: Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), Abducent (VI)

NO central integration for nystagmus, its the VESTIBULOOCULAR REFLEX. eyes should rest on PALPEBRAL FISSURES at REST

TRACKING aspect of this test DOES require central integration though

“im looking for smooth conjugate eye movements in ALL quadrants of the eye”

Question 8

nerve that innervates LATERAL and RETRACTION of eye

Answer 8

abducent

Question 9

nerve that innervates MEDIAL eye and PUPILARY CONSTRICTION

Answer 9

oculomotor

Question 10

Jaw tone

Answer 10

A/E: Mandibular branch of trigeminal

gently open mouth and assess if the amount of resistance is appropriate

also assess symmetry of jaw muscles

Question 11

Palpebral Reflex

Answer 11

A: ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve - MEDIAL
maxillary branch trigeminal nerve - LATERAL

E: facial

touch inside and outside canthuses of eye - NO cortical integration OVERALL FOR PALPEBRAL

can also stimulate nasal vestibule - CORTICAL INTEGRATION - goes to the somesthetic cortex

Question 12

corneal reflex

Answer 12

A: opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

E: abducent

gently hold eyelids open and touch cornea with Q tip.
Retraction of globe should occur which leads to protrusion of the 3rd eyelid

damage to the SENSORY = decreased/absent corneal sensitivity WITHOUT effecting the retractor bulbi muscle (E will remain intact).

damage to MOTOR = corneal sensitivity in tact but lose innervation of the retractor bulbi muscle

a lesion in the OPTHALMIC, BRAIN STEM INTEGRATION PATHWAY, OR ABDUCENT can cause decrease or loss of corneal reflex

Question 13

Cutaneous sensation (3 AREAS!)

Answer 13

A: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

E: multiple somatic nerves

stimulate:
nasal vestibule - ophthalmic
pinch upper lip - maxillary
pinch lower lip - mandibular

animals should produce avoidance response - central integration required

Question 14

somatic

Answer 14

voluntary movement

Question 15

facial expression

Answer 15

A: trigeminal

E: facial

central integration required

look for asymmetry of the face.

Question 16

gag reflex/swallowing

Answer 16

A: Glossopharyngeal and vagus

E: glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory - swallowing.
hypoglossal – muscles of tongue
mandibular - muscles of mastication

no central integration is required

lightly touch base of tongue to elicit gag response/swallowing

Question 17

accessory nerve

Answer 17

A: cervical spinal nerves

E: accessory nerve

palpate muscles of neck to evaluate symmetry tone and muscle mass

flex the head and neck from side to side and up and down to see if their resistant to flexion or extension

Question 18

hypoglossal nerve - TONGUE

Answer 18

A: mandibular for rostral 2/3
glossopharngeal for caudal 1/3

E: hypoglossal

Question 19

Taste

Answer 19

A: facial rostral 2/3
Glossopharyngeal caudal 1/3

E: hypoglossal

Central integration is needed

Use a cotton swab with a bitter taste to the Rostral 2/3 of the tongue. Test each side separately.

Normal is licking shaking head extending tongue.

Question 20

Schirmer tear test

Answer 20

A: ophthalmic

E: facial n PARASYMPATHETIC innervation to lacrimal gland

No central integration

Insert and hold for 60 seconds should be 15-20. Repeat in other eye.

Question 21

Hearing

Answer 21

A: cochlear division of vestibulocochlear

E: facial

Cortical integration required to auditory cortex

Question 22

Gait and stance

Answer 22

Gait is symmetrical no ataxia or abnormalities noted not dragging limbs.

no circling. everything is symmetrical

Question 23

Nystagmus

Answer 23

A: vestibular of vestibular cochlear E: oculomotor abducent trochlear Observe for normal smooth conjugate eye movements in all four quadrants. Side to side head movement should produce normal nystagmus. LATERAL ABDUCENT MEDIAL OCULOMOTOR

Question 24

Swallowing

Answer 24

A: glossopharyngeal trigeminal and vagus nerves E: hypoglossal nerve GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL, VAGUS, ACCESSORY can observe the animal eating or drinking

Question 25

mental status/behavior

Answer 25

BAR actively looking around the room responsive to stimuli and people. REQUIRES A FUNCTIONAL CEREBRAL CORTEX APPROPRIATELY STIMULATED BY THE ARAS. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ appropriate behavior primarily attributed to the forebrain. she has all normal responses to her environement

Question 26

Posture and gait

Answer 26

maintenance of a normal posture and gait require complex integrated effort between the CNS PNS muscles and functioning NMJ they are dependent on interactions between UMN pathways, gray column interneurons, LMNs, and muscular spindles no ataxia no dragging paws gait seems to be normal

Question 27

proprioceptive positioning

Answer 27

normal CONSCIOUS proprioception utilizes the DCML pathway, delivered to the SOMATOSENSORY cortex which perceives and shares info to the MOTOR cortices. motor response is carried out by UMNs to fix the abnormal position stand behind animal and place on hand under the sternum to provide support, gently place paw of the tested limb on the dorsal aspect so that the dog has to try to fix it

Question 28

Hopping

Answer 28

evaluation of postural reaction information of CONSCIOUS proprioception is integrated in the SOMESTHETIC cortex, UMN pathways then TRANSMIT MOTOR COMMANDS to appropriate SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS. LMN generate action potentials to PRODUCE DESIRED MOVEMENT. stand behind animal and lift beneath abdomen to raise the pelvic limbs off the ground. use the other hand to lift a thoracic limb not being tested off the ground. gently push animal laterally to assess hopping. DO ALL 4 LIMBS. SHOULD BE ABLE TO DETECT LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF ITS CENTER OF GRAVITY AND QUICKLY REPOSITION, THEY SHOULD BE SMOOTH BRISK AND REGULAR

Question 29

extensor postural thrust

Answer 29

TEST IF ANIMAL CAN DETECT AN APPROACHING SURFACE AND REACH TOWARDS IT IN ANTICIPATION OF BEARING WEIGHT LIFT ANIMAL BY ABDOMEN AND THEN SLOWLY LOWER TOWARDS GROUND. LEGS SHOULD GENTLY EXTEND TOWARDS FLOOR AND THEN TAKE A FEW STEPS BACKWARDS

Question 29

wheelbarrowing

Answer 29

detect proprioceptive deficits and changes in muscle strength that were not priorly appreciated DO LIFTING HEAD TO MAKE SURE NOT COMPENSATING VISUALLY AND THEN ALLOW HEAD TO BE NORMAL raise pelvic limbs off the ground. weight entirely on forelimbs. TESTING IF ABLE TO REPOSITION LIMBS BASED ON PROPRIOCEPTIVE AND VISUAL INFORMATION

Question 30

Hemistand/hemiwalk

Answer 30

Testing proprioceptive deficits and changes in muscle strength GENTLY LIFT BOTH LIMBS ON THE SAME SIDE AND PUSH GENTLY AWAY FROM CENTER OF GRAVITY. SHOULD ALTER MOVEMENT OF FRONT AND HIND LIMBS

Question 31

tactile placing

Answer 31

a test of CONSCIOUS PROPRIOCEPTION and MOTOR INTEGRATION touch + pressure receptors --> DORSAL COLUMN (via faciculus cuneatus) --> goes to BRAIN STEM --> SOMESTHETIC CORTEX --> MOTOR OUTPUT VIA UMN sending command --> synapse on the LMN COVER EYES FOR THIS ONE

Question 32

visual placing

Answer 32

stimulates the VISUAL CORTEX and requires normal visual pathways TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX. communication between the VISUAL and MOTOR CORTEXS and MOTOR PATHWAYs FROM THE CERBRAL cortex TO THE LMNs

Question 33

Righting

Answer 33

ASSESSMENT OF THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM AND CEREBELLUM AND ALL SENSORY AND MOTOR PATHWAYS allow pt to FULLY relax in lateral before getting up ability to right themselves into a sternal position

Question 34

Tonic neck reaction

Answer 34

MANIPULATE HEAD AND NECK cranial cervical region VESTIBULOCOLLIC AND VESTIBULOSPINAL REFLEXES gently ELEVATE head and extend neck SHOULD see SLIGHT exension of THORACIC limbs and slight FLEXION of the hind limbs LOWERING head = ENTEND HIND limbs and FLEX THORACIC limbs

Question 35

patellar

Answer 35

assessing function of femoral n. DO ON BOTH SIDES!!!!!! QUADRICEPS FEMORIS m. CHECK TONE TOO EXTENSION OF STIFLE NORMAL

Question 36

gastrocnemius

Answer 36

TIBIAL = BRANCH OF SCIATIC GASTOCNEMIUS M. RIGHT ABOVE TUBER CALCANEUS EXTENSION OF STIFLE = NORMAL

Question 37

perineal

Answer 37

A: perineal branch of pudendal n. E: caudal rectal branch of pudendal n. *ventral tail flexion is SACRAL (NOT sciatic... youre too far back for that) gently PINCH PERINEUM with a hemostat should see: CONSTRICTION OF THE EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER AND VENTRAL FLEXION OF TAIL

Question 38

withdraw reflex: PELVIC

Answer 38

A: sciatic E: sciatic (flexion of hock and stifles) and femoral (hip flexions) tested limb on UP side, do it between any of the digits it is NOCICEPTIVE withdraw reflex

Question 39

Biceps Brachii

Answer 39

A: musculocutaneous E: musculocutaneous BICEPS MUSCLE USE FINGER place a TENDINOUS INSERTION OF THE MUSCLE. should be slight FLEXION of the ELBOW

Question 40

triceps brachii

Answer 40

A: radial E: radial TRCEPS BRACHII M. TAP ABOVE OLECRANON PROCESS. causes slight EXTENSION of the ELBOW

Question 40

withdraw: THORACIC

Answer 40

A: Radial, median, ulnar E: Musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, axillary, brachiocephalicus (flexors) limb tested should be UP limb. pinch between ANY digits. NOCICEPETIVE reflex

Question 41

PANNICULUS/ CUTANEOUS TRUNCI

Answer 41

A: lateral thoracic?? E: dorsal spinal nerves wings of ileium lead you to L7 neurons synapse on interneurons of DORSAL GRAY COLUMNS. unilateral afferent that produces bilateral efferent. TEST BOTH SIDES

Question 42

crossed extensor

Answer 42

A: sciatic E: sciatic and femoral PINCH BOTTOM AND TOP LEG SHOULD HAVE NO RESPONSE. THIS RESPONSE WOULD BE NORMAL IN A STANDING ANIMAL. exists so that one limb can provide greater weight bearing support when the contralateral limb is flexed. NORMALLY nothing will happen and will be inhibited through DESCENDING UMN pathways in a recumbent animal. THEREFORE WE ARE TESTING FOR UMN DAMAGE. DONE ON THE HINNNDDDD PAW OF DOWN LEG.