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Eye Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is the orbit?

A

Cone-shaped cavity housing the eye, muscles, nerves, glands

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2
Q

How does the bony orbit differ between carnivores and herbivores?

A

Carnivores: Incomplete bony orbit; Herbivores: Complete bony orbit, more lateral placement for panoramic vision

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3
Q

Which bones are involved in forming the orbit?

A
  • Frontal
  • Lacrimal
  • Presphenoid
  • Palatine
  • Zygomatic
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4
Q

What passes through the optic canal? (dogs, equids, ruminants)

A

Optic nerve, internal ophthalmic artery

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5
Q

What cranial nerves are transmitted through the orbital fissure? (dogs)

A
  • 3 - CN III
  • 4 - CN IV
  • 6- CN VI
  • Ophthalmic branch of CN V (carnivores)
  • anastomotic a.
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6
Q

What is the pathway for aqueous humor flow?

A

Produced by ciliary body capillaries → Posterior chamber → Pupil → Anterior chamber –> VENOUS PLEXUS AT IRIDOCORNEAL ANGLE

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7
Q

Where is aqueous humor reabsorbed?

A

At iridocorneal angle via pectinate ligaments, trabecular meshwork, scleral venous plexus

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8
Q

What is a major consequence of disrupted aqueous humor flow?

A

Glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure → blindness)

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9
Q

What is the primary function of lacrimal glands?

A

Produce aqueous layer of tear film

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10
Q

What is the location of the lacrimal glands?

A

Dorsolateral orbit

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland?

A

Lacrimal nerve (CN V1)

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12
Q

What are the three concentric tunics of the globe?

A
  • Fibrous (external)
  • Uvea (vascular/middle)
  • Nervous (internal)
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13
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

Supports the globe

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14
Q

What maintains the transparency of the cornea?

A
  • Avascularity
  • No pigment
  • Dehydration
  • Smooth surface + tear film
  • Laminar collagen structure
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15
Q

What are the layers of the cornea?

A
  • Tear film
  • Epithelium
  • Stroma
  • Descemet’s membrane
  • Endothelium
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16
Q

What is the role of the ciliary body?

A
  • Accommodation via ciliary muscle
  • Produces aqueous humor
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17
Q

What muscle constricts the pupil?

A

M. constrictor pupillae (CN III, parasympathetic)

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18
Q

What species has a horizontal oval iris?

A

Herbivores

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19
Q

What is the function of the tapetum lucidum?

A

Enhances night vision by reflecting light

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20
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

A
  • Rods (low light)
  • Cones (color, acuity)
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21
Q

What is the purpose of the tear film?

A
  • Prevent evaporation
  • Rinse debris
  • Nourish cornea
  • Provide optical smoothness
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22
Q

What is the drainage pathway for tears?

A

Lacrimal puncta → Canaliculi → Lacrimal sac → Nasolacrimal duct

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23
Q

How many extraocular muscles are there?

A

7

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the retractor bulbi muscle?

A

CN VI

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25
What is strabismus?
Eye misalignment due to extraocular muscle or nerve dysfunction
26
Which artery is a major contributor to the eye's blood supply?
External ophthalmic artery
27
What is the function of the lens?
Focus adjustment via accommodation
28
What is lenticular sclerosis?
Common, benign aging change in the lens
29
What causes glaucoma?
Aqueous outflow blocked → increased pressure
30
What is cherry eye?
Prolapse of gland of 3rd eyelid
31
What is the function of the Harderian gland?
Contributes to tear production in ruminants, pigs, rodents assoc. with 3rd eye chromodacryorrhea in rats - porphyrins
32
What is the consequence of sympathetic loss in Horner’s Syndrome?
Enophthalmos: the eye is sunken or recessed into the orbit. Ptosis: dysfunction of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle
33
what passes through the Foramen orbitorotundum
Ruminants - CN III, IV, VI, ophthalmic AND maxillary branches of V
34
what passes through the Supraorbital foramen
ungulates - supraorbital n., a., v.
35
what nerves provide parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal glands?
CN VII (parasympathetic motor) and CN V (sensoty) --> major petrosal n. --> pterygopalatine ganglion --> lacrimal n.
36
Uvea (vascular tunic)
Choroid: pigmented, vascular, includes Tapetum Lucidum Ciliary body Iris
37
Nervous Tunic
Optic part (pars optica) Tapetal Zone Fundus
38
Optic Part (pars optica)
*recall part of nervous tunic* includes photoreceptors and neural layers
39
Neural layers
pigmented epithelium photoreceptors bipolar cells ganglion cells --> optic nerve II
40
Fundus
*recall part of nervous tunic* visible portion including: optic disk, retinal vessels, tapetum
41
Layers of tear film -- by the lacrminal gland
Lipid - Meibomian or Tarsal glands - evaporation Aqueous - Lacrimal + 3rd eye glands - debris + nourishment + smoothness Mucoid - goblet cells (conjuctiva) - bind layers to cornea
42
uvea and retina blood supply
Long and short posterior ciliary artery
43
iris and limbic region blood supply
anterior ciliary arter
44
veins
angular v. ophthalmic v. external ophthalmic v.
45
lens attachments
zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments)
46
lens aging
lenticular sclerosis - common, benign cataracts - opacity and vision loss
47
rectus dorsalis
Up CN III
48
rectus ventralis
Down CN III
49
rectus medialis
medial CN III
50
Rectus lateralis
Lateral CN VI
51
Obliquus dorsalis
rotate dorsomedially CN IV (trochlear)
52
Obliquus ventralis
rotate ventrolaterally CN III
53
retractor bulbi
retract globe CN VI
54
what runs through the orbital fissure of equids?
* 3 cn. III * 6 cn. VI * trochlear n. cn. IV * anastomotic a.
55
what runs through the foramen orbitorotundum of ruminants ?
3 cn. III 4 cn. IV 6 cn. VI maxillary n. maxillary a.
56
Third eyelid (nictitating membrane)
T shaped cartilage retractor bulbi - cn. VI 4 trochlear in cats, active protrustion from rectus lateralis m. sympathetic tone
57
Horner's syndrom
3rd eye protruded due to interruption of sypathetic tone to smooth mm. of perioorbita
58
corpora nigra
in horses aka grandula iridica top and bottom of the pupil shade from excessive glare? can develope iris cysts
59
Anterior chamber and cornea must be clear to see .....
the iris
60

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