Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1B Neurology & Neuroscience > Cortical organisation and function > Flashcards

Cortical organisation and function Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cerebral cortex cover?

A

entire surface of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

together with deep nuclei, contain grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how is the cerebral cortex organised?

A

highly folded with gyri and sulci

organised into lobes

microscopically organised into layers and columns (1-VI)

classification based on cytoarchitecture (52 regions)

(1,2,3= primary somatosensory, 4= primary motor cortex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is cytoarchitecture?

A

cell size, spacing or packing density and layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the lobes of the brain?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

regulation and initiation motor function

language

cognitive function (executive function- plans)

attention

memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Sensory aspect of language
  3. Spatial orientation and self-perception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

visual input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

auditory information

emotions

memories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what anatomy is part of the limbic lobe?

A

amygdala

hippocampus

mamillary body

cingulate gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

concerned with learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the insular cortex?

A

deep within the latral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the functions of the insular cortex?

A

visual sensations

autonomic control

interoception

auditory processing

visual-vestibular integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the internal structure of cortex?

A

grey matter

white matter

association fibres

projection fibres

commissural fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is grey matter made up of?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is white matter made up of?

A

myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does white matter do?

A

connect cortical areas using fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the fibres in the white matter?

A

association fibres

commissural fibres

projection fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do association fibres connect?

A

areas within same hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do commissural fibres connect?

A

homologous structure in left and right hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do projection fibres connect?

A

connect cortex with lower brian structures (thalamus, brain stem, spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the types of association fibres?

A

short fibres (u-fibres)

long fibres

23
Q

what do short association fibres do?

A

connect adjacent cortical regions

24
Q

what are the examples of long fibres?

A
  • superior longitudinal fasciculus connect frontal and occipital lobes
  • arcuate fasciculus- connects frontal and temporal lobes
  • inferior longitudinal fasciculus- connects temporal and occipital lobes
  • uncinate fasciculus- connects anterior frontal and temporal lobes
25
Q

what are the direction of projection fibres?

A

afferent- toward cortex

efferent- away from cortex

26
Q

where do projection fibres converge?

A

through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganglia

27
Q

what are the most prominent projection fibres?

A

corona radiata- deeper to cortex

28
Q

what are the features of functions of primary cortices?

A

function predictable

organized topographically

symmetry between right and left

29
Q

what are the features of function of secondary/association cortices?

A

function less predictable

not organised topographically

left-right symmetry absent/ weak

30
Q

what are the motor cortices of the frontal lobe and their function?

A
31
Q

what are the primary and association cortices of the parietal lobe and functions?

A

Primary somatosensory- processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (fine touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination, proprioception, pain & temperature

Somatosensory association- interpret significance of sensory information (recognizing an object placed in the hand, awareness of self and personal space)

32
Q

what are the processes of the occipital lobe anad its functions?

A

Primary visual-processes visual stimuli

Visual Association- gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

33
Q

what are the cortices of the temporal lobe and their functions?

A

Primary auditory-processes auditory stimuli- topographically arranged

Auditory association-gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input.

34
Q

what association area is responsible for the production of language?

A

Broca’s area

35
Q

what association area is responsible for understanding of language?

A

Wernicke’s area

36
Q

what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

attention

adjusting social behavior

planning

personality expression

decision making

37
Q

what are the effects of frontal lobe lesions?

A
  1. Changes in personality
  2. Inappropriate behaviour
38
Q

what are the effects of parietal lobe lesions?

A
  1. Contralateral neglect
    1. E.g. lesion in right hemisphere causes issues on left side
  2. Lack of awareness of self on left side
  3. Lack of awareness of left side of extra personal space (e.g. only put food on one side of plate)
39
Q

what are the effects of temporal lobe lesions?

A
  1. Agnosia, inability to recognise
  2. Patient HM-bilateral resection anterior medial temporal lobe= anterograde amnesia. Cant form new memories
40
Q

What are the effects of Broca’s area lesions?

A
  1. Expressive aphasia-poor production of speech, comprehension intact
41
Q

what are the effects of Wernicke’s area lesions?

A

receptive aphasia- poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

42
Q

what are the effects of primary visual cortex lesions?

A

Blindness in corresponding part of visual field

43
Q

what are the effects of visual association lesions?

A

Deficits in interpretation of visual information

E.g. prosopagnosia (inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces-face blindness

44
Q

what can be used to assess cortical function?

A

imaging

encephalography

brain stimulation

45
Q

what imaging can be used to assess cortical function?

A
  1. Positron emission tomography (PET)- blood flow directly to brain region when asked to undertake a task
    1. Note involves radioactive isotopes so some risk in process
  2. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)- amount of blood oxygen in a brain region when asked to undertake a task.
46
Q

what is spatial resolution?

A

how detailed the level of individual cells vs tracts vs regions etc

47
Q

what is temporal resolution?

A

how quickly are certain that things are changing

48
Q

what is encephalography?

A

activity produced by regions

  1. Electroencephalography (EEG)- measures electrical signals produced by the brain
    1. Frequency for sleep disorders and epilepsy
  2. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)- measures magnetic signals produced by the brain
  3. Somatosensory evoked potentials-assess integrity of sensory pathway. Stimulus to median nerve via peripheral nerve and create a series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathway. Determine where relay of information disturbed
49
Q

what are the types of brain stimulation?

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

50
Q

what is TMS?

A
  1. Assess the functional integrity of neural circuits
  2. Uses electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons
  3. Allows to interrogate pathway from beginning to end
    1. Carry out tasks and cause stimulation of brain interrupting ability to do activity or exciting regions of brain thus causing activity.
51
Q

what is tDCS?

A

Uses low direct current over scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

52
Q

how can structure of brain be assessed?

A

imaging

53
Q

what imaging can be used to assess structure?

A
  1. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)- based on diffusion of water molecules
  2. DTI with tractography- 3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

1B Neurology & Neuroscience (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions