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COUGHS AND COLDS Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of drug are Loratadine, Cetirizine, and Fexofenadine?

A

2nd Gen H1 Antihistamines

These drugs are known for their non-sedating properties.

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2
Q

What is the mechanism of action for 2nd Gen H1 Antihistamines?

A

H1 receptor antagonists (non-sedating)

They block the action of histamine at H1 receptors.

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3
Q

What are the indications for using 2nd Gen H1 Antihistamines?

A

Allergic rhinitis, sneezing, itching

These drugs are commonly used to alleviate symptoms of allergies.

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4
Q

What are the side effects of 2nd Gen H1 Antihistamines?

A

Minimal systemic effects

They are generally well-tolerated with few side effects.

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5
Q

What type of drug are Azelastine and Levocabastine?

A

Intranasal antihistamines

These are used for local treatment of allergic rhinitis.

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of action for intranasal antihistamines?

A

Local H1 blockade

They specifically block H1 receptors in the nasal passages.

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7
Q

What are the indications for using intranasal antihistamines?

A

Allergic rhinitis (intermittent)

They are effective for short-term relief of allergy symptoms.

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8
Q

What are the potential side effects of intranasal antihistamines?

A

Local irritation possible

Users may experience discomfort in the nasal area.

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9
Q

What type of drugs are Beclomethasone, Fluticasone, and Mometasone?

A

Intranasal corticosteroids

These are anti-inflammatory agents used for nasal conditions.

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of action for intranasal corticosteroids?

A

↓ Mast cells, ↓ mucosal edema (anti-inflammatory)

They reduce inflammation and allergic reactions in the nasal passages.

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11
Q

What are the indications for intranasal corticosteroids?

A

Allergic & non-allergic rhinitis

Effective for both types of rhinitis.

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12
Q

What are the contraindications for using intranasal corticosteroids?

A

Excessive use: adrenal suppression

Overuse can lead to serious hormonal issues.

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13
Q

What are the side effects of intranasal corticosteroids?

A

Dry nose, throat irritation, nasal bleeding

These effects can occur with prolonged use.

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14
Q

What are Sodium Cromoglycate’s indications?

A

Intermittent allergic rhinitis

It helps prevent allergic reactions in the nasal passages.

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Sodium Cromoglycate?

A

Inhibits histamine & chemotactic factor release

It stabilizes mast cells to prevent the release of inflammatory mediators.

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16
Q

What are the contraindications for Sodium Cromoglycate?

A

None stated

It is generally safe for most patients.

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17
Q

What are the side effects of Sodium Cromoglycate?

A

None significant

It is well-tolerated with minimal adverse effects.

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18
Q

What type of drugs are Pseudoephedrine, Phenylpropanolamine, and Phenylephrine?

A

Oral decongestants (α-agonists)

They are used to relieve nasal congestion.

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action for oral decongestants?

A

Vasoconstriction → ↓ nasal mucosal edema

They reduce swelling in the nasal passages.

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20
Q

What are the indications for oral decongestants?

A

Nasal congestion, cold/flu symptoms

Commonly used to relieve symptoms of colds and allergies.

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21
Q

What are the contraindications for oral decongestants?

A

HTN, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, MAOI use

These conditions can worsen with decongestant use.

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22
Q

What are the side effects of oral decongestants?

A

Insomnia, HTN, appetite loss, irritation

Users may experience various side effects, particularly with excessive use.

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23
Q

What drug interactions should be noted with oral decongestants?

A

MAOIs (risk of hypertensive crisis)

Concurrent use with MAO inhibitors can lead to dangerous increases in blood pressure.

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24
Q

What type of drugs are Oxymetazoline, Xylometazoline, and Phenylephrine?

A

Nasal decongestants

These are used for localized nasal congestion relief.

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25
What is the mechanism of action for nasal decongestants?
Same as oral, local vasoconstriction ## Footnote They similarly reduce swelling in the nasal tissues.
26
What are the indications for nasal decongestants?
Nasal congestion ## Footnote Primarily used for short-term relief of nasal blockage.
27
What are the contraindications for using nasal decongestants?
Use > 3–5 days (rhinitis medicamentosa) ## Footnote Prolonged use can lead to rebound congestion.
28
What are the side effects of nasal decongestants?
Rebound congestion ## Footnote Users may experience worsening congestion after stopping the medication.
29
What type of drugs are Codeine, Pholcodeine, and Noscapine?
Opioid antitussives ## Footnote These are used to suppress cough reflex.
30
What is the mechanism of action for opioid antitussives?
Suppress cough reflex in medulla (μ receptors) ## Footnote They act on the brain to reduce the urge to cough.
31
What are the indications for opioid antitussives?
Non-productive dry cough ## Footnote They are effective for coughs that do not produce mucus.
32
What are the contraindications for using opioid antitussives?
Pregnancy, children <2 yrs, asthma, resp. depression ## Footnote These populations are at higher risk for severe side effects.
33
What are the side effects of opioid antitussives?
Sedation, constipation, dizziness, nausea, dependency ## Footnote They can cause significant sedation and potential for misuse.
34
What drug interactions should be noted with opioid antitussives?
Alcohol, CNS depressants ## Footnote Concurrent use can enhance sedative effects.
35
What type of drug is Dextromethorphan?
Non-opioid antitussive ## Footnote It is a commonly used cough suppressant.
36
What is the mechanism of action for Dextromethorphan?
Same as above ## Footnote It suppresses the cough reflex in the medulla.
37
What are the indications for Dextromethorphan?
Non-productive dry cough ## Footnote Similar to opioid antitussives, it is used for dry coughs.
38
What are the contraindications for Dextromethorphan?
Asthma, liver impairment, resp. depression ## Footnote Caution is advised in these conditions.
39
What are the side effects of Dextromethorphan?
Same as above ## Footnote Similar to those of opioid antitussives.
40
What type of drugs are Chlorpheniramine, Promethazine, and Diphenhydramine?
1st Gen H1 Antihistamines ## Footnote These are older antihistamines that can cause sedation.
41
What is the mechanism of action for 1st Gen H1 Antihistamines?
Anticholinergic, suppress cough reflex ## Footnote They block histamine receptors and have additional anticholinergic effects.
42
What are the indications for 1st Gen H1 Antihistamines?
Dry, tickly cough (combo cough/cold preps) ## Footnote Used in combination with other medications to treat cough and cold symptoms.
43
What are the contraindications for 1st Gen H1 Antihistamines?
<2 yrs, glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy ## Footnote These conditions can be exacerbated by antihistamine use.
44
What are the side effects of 1st Gen H1 Antihistamines?
Sedation, thick mucus, dry passages ## Footnote These antihistamines can lead to significant drowsiness.
45
What drug interactions should be noted with 1st Gen H1 Antihistamines?
Alcohol, hypnotics, anxiolytics ## Footnote They may enhance the sedative effects of these substances.
46
What type of drugs are Guaifenesin, Sodium Citrate, and Ammonium Chloride?
Expectorants ## Footnote These are used to help clear mucus from the airways.
47
What is the mechanism of action for expectorants?
↑ secretion, ↓ viscosity ## Footnote They make mucus easier to expel from the respiratory tract.
48
What are the indications for expectorants?
Productive (wet) cough ## Footnote They are used when coughing up mucus.
49
What are the contraindications for expectorants?
Renal impairment ## Footnote Caution is needed in individuals with kidney issues.
50
What are the side effects of expectorants?
None major stated ## Footnote They are generally well-tolerated.
51
What type of drug is Acetylcysteine (NAC)?
Mucolytic ## Footnote It is utilized to break down mucus in respiratory conditions.
52
What is the mechanism of action for Acetylcysteine?
Breaks disulfide bonds → ↓ mucus viscosity ## Footnote It effectively thins mucus by disrupting its structure.
53
What are the indications for Acetylcysteine?
Productive cough, CF ## Footnote It is particularly useful in cystic fibrosis patients.
54
What are the contraindications for Acetylcysteine?
Asthma, COPD (bronchospasm risk) ## Footnote It can trigger bronchospasm in sensitive individuals.
55
What are the side effects of Acetylcysteine?
None stated ## Footnote It is usually well-tolerated.
56
What type of drug is Bromhexine?
Mucolytic ## Footnote It aids in mucus clearance from the lungs.
57
What is the mechanism of action for Bromhexine?
Loosens & thins mucus ## Footnote It facilitates mucus expulsion.
58
What are the indications for Bromhexine?
Productive cough ## Footnote Used primarily for coughs with mucus production.
59
What are the contraindications for Bromhexine?
None stated ## Footnote It is generally safe for most patients.
60
What are the side effects of Bromhexine?
None major stated ## Footnote It is well-tolerated with minimal adverse effects.
61
What type of drug is Carbocysteine?
Mucolytic ## Footnote It is used as adjunctive therapy for mucus-related conditions.
62
What is the mechanism of action for Carbocysteine?
Adjunctive mucus therapy ## Footnote It helps to normalize mucus secretion.
63
What are the indications for Carbocysteine?
Productive cough ## Footnote It is effective in conditions where mucus production is excessive.
64
What are the contraindications for Carbocysteine?
Peptic ulcer, asthma, porphyria ## Footnote Caution is advised in these patients.
65
What are the side effects of Carbocysteine?
Nausea, vomiting, headache ## Footnote These side effects can occur, though they are not common.
66
What type of drug is Dornase Alfa?
Mucolytic (Specialist) ## Footnote It is specifically used in cystic fibrosis treatment.
67
What is the mechanism of action for Dornase Alfa?
Degrades extracellular DNA in mucus ## Footnote It helps to break down thick mucus associated with cystic fibrosis.
68
What are the indications for Dornase Alfa?
Cystic fibrosis ## Footnote It is used to improve lung function in CF patients.
69
What are the side effects of Dornase Alfa?
Voice alteration ## Footnote Patients may experience changes in their voice.
70
What type of drugs are Terbutaline and Orciprenaline?
β2-agonist bronchodilators ## Footnote These are used to relax bronchial muscles and improve airflow.
71
What is the mechanism of action for β2-agonist bronchodilators?
↑ mucociliary clearance, bronchodilation ## Footnote They enhance the clearance of mucus and open airways.
72
What are the indications for β2-agonist bronchodilators?
Cough (combo syrups) ## Footnote They are often included in cough syrups for respiratory relief.
73
What are the contraindications for β2-agonist bronchodilators?
Cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, HT ## Footnote These conditions can be exacerbated by their use.
74
What are the side effects of β2-agonist bronchodilators?
Palpitations, tremor ## Footnote Patients may experience cardiovascular effects.
75
What type of drug is Theophylline?
Xanthine bronchodilator ## Footnote It is an older class of bronchodilator used for asthma and COPD.
76
What is the mechanism of action for Theophylline?
Bronchodilation (narrow TI) ## Footnote It relaxes airway muscles but has a narrow therapeutic index.
77
What are the indications for Theophylline?
Same as above ## Footnote Used for asthma and COPD management.
78
What are the contraindications for Theophylline?
Cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes, HT ## Footnote These conditions can complicate its use.
79
What are the side effects of Theophylline?
Toxicity risk (narrow TI) ## Footnote Theophylline requires careful monitoring due to potential toxicity.
80
What are the drug interactions with Theophylline?
Multiple (CYP metabolism) ## Footnote It interacts with many medications due to its metabolism.

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