Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards by Ellen Meystedt

If the goal of counseling is to return the client to their original level of functioning prior to the tragedy or crisis then it is ___________ since the symptoms are the result of the crisis.

Pg. 149

Crisis intervention/counseling

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_________ is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals.

Pg. 149

Counseling

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201

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______ and _______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.

A. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler
B. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung
C. Josef Breuer; A. A. Brill
D. Alfred Adler; Rollo May

Pg. 149

B. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung

Because the question included the word, “respectively”, Adler’s name must come before Carl Jung’s name.

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202

Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes ________.

A. oral, anal, and phallic
B. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
C. a & b
D. id, ego, and superego

Pg. 150

D. id, ego, and superego

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203

In transactional analysis (TA), the _______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ________.

A. adult, unconscious
B. parent, ego
C. parent, superego
D. parent, id

Pg. 150

C. parent, superego

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204

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by ________.

A. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.
B. analysis during the childhood years
C. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor.
D. transference

Pg. 151

A. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex.

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205

Freudians refer to the ego as _________.

A. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
B. the guardian angel of the mind
C. the pleasure principle
D. the seat of libido

Pg. 152

A. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle

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206

Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by _______.

A. Eros
B. Eros and the id
C. Thanatos
D. both Eros and Thanatos

Pg. 152

C. Thanatos

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207

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the ________.

A. reality principle
B. notion of transference
C. Eros principle
D. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst

Pg. 152

D. pleasure principle, suggesting humans desire instinct gratification such for libido, sex, or the elimination of hunger or thirst

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______ = pleasure principle

Pg. 153

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_______ = reality principle

Pg. 153

ego

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_______ = ego ideal

Pg. 153

superego

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208

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, then the fulcrum or balancing apparatus would be the ________.

A. id, which has no concept of rationality or time
B. ego
C. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong
D. BASIC-ID

Pg. 153

B. ego

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The ego or reality principle attempts to balance the ______ and the _______.

Pg. 153

id; superego

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209

A therapist who says to a patient “Say whatever comes to mind” is practicing ________.

A. directive counseling
B. transactional analysis
C. paraphrasing
D. free association

Pg. 153

D. free association

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210

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for ________, rather than _______ like the id.

A. perfection; pleasure
B. pleasure; perfection
C. morals; ethics
D. logic; reality

Pg. 154

A. perfection; pleasure

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The ________ is composed of values, morals, and ideals of parents, caretakers, and society. It is more concerned with the ideal and personal aspirations than what is real.

Pg. 154

superego

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The _____ is chaotic and has no sense of time.

Pg. 154

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211

All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement EXCEPT:

A. Freud
B. Jung
C. Adler
D. Wolpe

Pg. 154

D. Wolpe

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_________ developed a paradigm known as “systematic desensitization,” which is useful when trying to weaken (i.e., desensitize) a client’s response to an anxiety-producing stimuli.

Pg. 155

Joseph Wolpe

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_________ is a form of behavior therapy. It is based on Pavlov’s classical conditioning.

Pg. 155

Systematic desensitization

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Other treatment modalities that are derived from _____________ include: assertiveness training, flooding, implosive therapy, and sensate focus.

Pg. 155

classical conditioning

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212

Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitled “The Interpretation of Dreams” was his most influential. Dreams have ________.

A. manifest and latent content
B. preconscious and unconscious factors
C. id and ego
D. superego and id

Pg. 155

A. manifest and latent content

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For Freud, the ______ was the royal road to knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind.

Pg. 155

dream

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#213 When a client projects unconscious feelings toward the therapist that he or she originally had toward a significant other, it is called ________. A. free association B. insight C. transference D. resistance Pg. 155

C. transference

#214 Which case is NOT associated with the psychodynamic movement? A. Little Hans B. Little Albert C. Anna O. D. Daniel Paul Schreber Pg. 156

B. Little Albert

#215 In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy _________. A. utilizes fewer sessions per week B. does not utilize the couch C. is performed face to face D. all of the above Pg. 157

D. all of the above

#216 Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as _________. A. catharsis and/or abreaction B. resistance C. accurate empathy D. reflection of emotional content Pg. 158

A. catharsis and/or abreaction

________ do not emphasize diagnosis nor giving advice. Pg. 158

Rogerians

#217 Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as ________ is to topographical theory. A. Child, Adult, Parent B. abreaction, catharsis, introspection C. ego ideal D. unconscious, preconscious, conscious Pg. 159

D. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

_________ theory is where the mind is seen as an iceberg. Pg. 159

Topographical theory

#218 The most controversial aspect of Freud's theory is _________. A. catharsis B. the Oedipus complex C. the notion of the preconscious mind D. the interpretation of dreams Pg. 159

B. the Oedipus complex

#219 Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these EXCEPT: A. Hypnosis B. Slips of the tongue and humor C. Dreams D. Subjective units of distress scale Pg. 159

D. Subjective units of distress scale

Slips of the tongue can also be referred to as ________. Pg. 160

Parapraxis

#220 In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and a half minutes. The client began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the __________. A. preconscious mind B. ego ideal C. conscious mind D. unconscious mind Pg. 160

A. preconscious mind

#221 Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called ________. A. slips of the tongue B. ego defense mechanisms C. id defense processes D. latent dream material Pg. 161

B. ego defense mechanisms

#222 Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms are unconscious and deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is __________. A. repression B. reaction formation C. denial D. sublimation Pg. 161

A. repression

__________ trained counselors attempt to help the client recall a repressed memory and make it conscious so it can be dealt with. This is called insight and is often curative. Pg. 162

Psychoanalytically

#223 Suppression differs from repression in that ________. A. suppression is stronger B. repression only occurs in children C. repression is automatic or involuntary D. all of the above Pg. 162

C. repression is automatic or involuntary

#224 An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because he or she is sadistic is displaying ________. A. suppression B. rationalization C. sublimation D. displacement Pg. 162

C. sublimation

#225 An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center's chemical dependency program. This is the practice of ________. A. sublimation B. repression C. introjection D. none of the above Pg. 163

D. none of the above

#226 A man receives a nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a 1 dollar per hour raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for no apparent reason. This is an example of _________. A. displacement B. denial C. identification D. a Type II error Pg. 164

A. displacement

#227 A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of "F" in physical education that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as "straight A student are eggheads." This demonstrates ________. A. introjection B. reaction formation C. sour grapes rationalization D. sweet lemon rationalization Pg. 164

C. sour grapes rationalization

#228 A master's level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illustrates _________. A. sour grapes rationalization B. sweet grapes rationalization C. repression D. sublimation Pg. 165

B. sweet grapes rationalization

#229 A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident. His behavior is influenced by _________. A. denial B. displacement of anger C. sublimation D. organ inferiority Pg. 165

A. denial

#230 _______ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window. A. repression B. sour grapes rationalization C. projection D. denial Pg. 166

C. projection

#231 Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he ran view the material. This is ________. A. reaction formation B. introjection C. projection D. rationalization Pg. 166

A. reaction formation

#232 Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently works out at the gym at least four hours daily and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is _________. A. reaction formation B. compensation C. projection D. rationalization Pg. 166

B. compensation

#233 Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane invariably responds with, "I'm the president of the board for the homeless shelter." Jane is engaging in _________. A. projection B. displacement C. introjection D. identification Pg. 167

D. identification

#234 A client who has incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of ________. A. introjection B. repression C. rationalization D. displacement Pg. 167

A. introjection

#235 The client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as ________. A. resistance B. sublimation C. projection D. individuation Pg. 167

A. resistance

#236 Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that _________. A. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo B. he failed to emphasize sex C. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint. D. he was pro female. Pg. 168

C. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint.

__________ is the oldest major form of therapy. Pg. 168

Freud's psychoanalysis

#237 The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to ________. A. help the therapist appear genuine B. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes C. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors D. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood Pg. 168

B. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes

#238 Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of ________. A. C. G. Jung's analytical psychology B. Alfred Adler's individual psychology C. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory D. Josef Breuer's work on hysteria Pg. 169

B. Alfred Adler's individual psychology

#239 When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as ________. A. individual psychology B. confrontation C. transference neurosis D. insight Pg. 169

D. insight

#240 C.G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ________ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle. A. Eros; Thanatos B. Logos; Eros C. reality; pleasure D. transference; countertransference Pg. 170

B. Logos; Eros

#241 Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them _________. A. mandalas B. projective drawings C. unconscious automatic writing D. eidetic imagery Pg. 170

A. mandalas

#242 _________ emphasized the drive for superiority. A. Jung B. Adler C. constructivist therapists D. Freud and Jung Pg. 171

B. Adler

#243 The statement "Sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction" describes ________. A. Sigmund Freud's theory B. Alfred Adler's theory C. insight D. Carl Jung's theory Pg. 172

B. Alfred Adler's theory

#244 In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized ________. A. baseline measures B. social factors C. unconditional positive regard D. insight Pg. 172

B. social factors

#245 The terms "introversion" and "extroversion" are associated with _________. A. psychoanalysis B. Freud C. Adler D. Jung Pg. 173

D. Jung

#246 The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of ________. A. psychoanalysis B. Sigmund Freud C. Alfred Adler D. Carl G. Jung Pg. 173

D. Carl G. Jung

The bipolar preference scales on the ________ are: 1. extroversion/introversion 2. sensing/intuition 3. thinking/feeling 4. judging/perceiving Pg. 173

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

#247 One of Adler's students, Rudolph Dreikurs, ________. A. created the TAT B. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice C. was a noted Freud hater D. created the hierarchy of needs Pg. 174

B. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

#248 Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as ________. A. superiority B. social connectedness C. the collective unconscious D. animus Pg. 174

B. social connectedness

#249 Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor preparation program) who was afraid to give a presentation in front of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to __________. A. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class B. practice relaxation techniques for 10-20 minutes before the speech C. practice rational self-talk D. practice rational thinking Pg. 175

A. exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

________ pioneered logotherapy, a form of existential treatment. Pg. 175

Viktor Frankl

#250 C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as ________ and women to deny their masculine side known as ________. A. Eros; Thanatos B. animus; anima C. anima; animus D. yin; yang Pg. 175

C. anima; animus

#251 Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as _________. A. a hierarchy of needs B. instinctual C. paradox D. archetypes Pg. 176

D. archetypes

#252 Common archetypes include _________. A. the persona -- the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self. B. animus, anima, and self C. shadow -- the mask behind the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired. D. all of the above Pg. 176

D. all of the above

#253 A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor's verbal response is known as ________. A. active listening B. confrontation C. accurate empathy D. summarization Pg. 177

B. confrontation

_________ occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings and cognitions. Pg. 177

accurate empathy

________ is a subjective understanding of the client in the here and now. It deals with the client's perception rather than your own. Pg. 177

Empathy

#254 During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor _________. A. is using ACT or acceptance and commitment therapy, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy. B. is using Donald Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification. C. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution. D. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution. Pg. 177

D. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.

__________ do strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concepts of symptom substitution. Pg. 178

Behaviorists

_____ is a type of therapy created by Steve Hayes in 1986 which does NOT focus on symptom reduction; this therapy wants clients to take effective action in their lives. The goal is to perceive feelings and thoughts as harmless, albeit uncomfortable. Pg. 178

ACT therapy

#255 An eclectic counselor _________. A. is analytic B. is behavioristic C. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation D. insists on including all family members in the treatment Pg. 178

C. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation

#256 The word "eclectic" is most closely associated with ________. A. Frederick C. Thorne B. Sigmund Freud C. Jean Piaget D. Burrhus Frederic Skinner Pg. 178

A. Frederick C. Thorne

#257 A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed his or her session is the victim of ________. A. cognitive dissonance B. transference C. countertransference D. positive transference Pg. 179

C. countertransference

__________ suggests that humans will feel quite uncomfortable if they have two incompatible or inconsistent beliefs and thus the person will be motivated to reduce the dissonance. Pg. 179

Cognitive dissonance

#258 Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by _________. A. Freud B. Jung C. Adler D. Thorne & Lazarus Pg. 179

C. Adler

#259 A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservation but display leadership qualities is most likely ________. A. a Freudian who believes in the unconscious mind B. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in insolation C. a Rogerian who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship D. a behavior modifier using a behavioral contract Pg. 180

B. an Adlerian who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in insolation

#260 Existentialism is to logotherapy as ________ is to behaviorism. A. operants B. associationism C. Skinner D. Socrates Pg. 180

B. associationism

#261 B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on ________. A. Edward Thorndike's law of effect B. Alfred Adler's concept of lifestyle C. Arnold Lazarus's concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic D. symptom substitution Pg. 181

A. Edward Thorndike's law of effect

When practicing _________ therapy the counselor focuses on 7 key modalities or areas of the client's functioning: ``` B = behavior including acts, habits, and reactions A = affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood S = sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, small and taste I = images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams C = cognitions such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life I = interpersonal relationships (i.e., the way we interact with others) D = drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation ``` Pg. 182

multimodal therapy

#262 Classical conditioning relates to the work of ________. A. E. G. Williamson B. B. F. Skinner C. Viktor Frankl, who create logotherapy D. Ivan Pavlov Pg. 182

D. Ivan Pavlov

__________ is the father of the Minnesota Viewpoint that was popular several years ago with career counselors. This approach attempts to match the client's traits with a career; it is sometimes called the "trait-factor" approach. Pg. 182

E. G. Williamson

#263 An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditional response known as a UR or UCR) when food is presented, is called _________. A. an operant B. a conditioned stimulus (CS) C. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) D. an acquisition period Pg. 182

C. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

#264 Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as ________. A. instrumental learning B. classical conditioning C. cognitive learning D. learning via insight Pg. 183

A. instrumental learning

#265 Respondent behavior refers to _________. A. reflexes B. operants C. a type of phobia D. punishment Pg. 183

A. reflexes

Pavlonian conditioning is ________ while Skinner's is __________. Pg. 183

respondent; instrumental/operant

#266 A reinforcers _________. A. are plastic tokens B. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur C. are secondary D. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior Pg. 184

B. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur

True/False All reinforcers -- both positive and negative -- raise the probability that an antecedant (prior) behavior will occur. Pg. 184

True

#267 Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and ________. A. is really the same as punishment B. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children C. is not the same thing as punishment D. is a psychodynamic conceptualization Pg. 184

C. is not the same thing as punishment

________ is not punishment. All reinforcers raise or strengthen the probability that a behavior will occur; punishment will lower it. In the case of a negative reinforcer, it generally provides relief. Pg. 185

Negative reinforcement

_______ punishment is said to occur when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases. Pg. 185

positive punishment

_______ punishment takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases. Pg. 185

negative punishment

#268 Punishment _________. A. is the same as negative reinforcement B. is much more effective than reinforcement C. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur D. is used extensively in reality therapy Pg. 185

C. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur

#269 In Pavlov's famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the _______ and the meat was the _________. A. CS; UCS B. UCS; CS C. CR; UCS D. UCS; CR Pg. 186

A. CS; UCS ``` CS = conditioned stimulus CR = conditioned response UCS = unconditioned stimulus UCR = unconditioned response ```

#270 The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US _________. A. is irrelevant - it does not influence the learning process B. is 5 seconds C. is the .05 level according to social scientists D. is .5 of half a second Pg. 186

D. is .5 of half a second

When the CS is delayed until the US occurs, the procedure is known as __________. Pg. 186

delay conditioning

If the CS terminates before the occurrence os the US, it is termed __________. Pg. 186

trace conditioning

#271 Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in ________. A. increased learning B. anger on the part of the dog C. experimental neurosis D. no conditioning Pg. 187

D. no conditioning

When you put the UCS before the CS, it generally doesn't work and is ineffective. This is called _________. Pg. 187

backward conditioning

If you present the UCS and CS at the exact same time this is called ___________ and conditioning will NOT occur. Pg. 187

simultaneous conditioning

#272 Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child's toy horn using Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle elicited a salivation response. What had happened? A. experimental neurosis had obviously set in B. extinction C. stimulus generalization of what Pavlov termed irradiation D. stimulus discrimination Pg. 187

C. stimulus generalization of what Pavlov termed irradiation

CR = Conditioned Response = __________ Pg. 188

Learned Response

A conditioned response is ____ as powerful as an unconditioned response. Pg. 188

NOT

#273 The department chairman found the poodle's response to his car horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. Indeed the graduate students were able to perform this task. The poodle was not demonstrating _________. A. experimental neurosis B. irradiation C. pica D. stimulus discrimination Pg. 188

D. stimulus discrimination

#274 The department chair was further amused by the poodle's tendency to e able to discriminate one CS from another. He thus told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not one on a graduate student's Chevrolet truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case _________. A. experimental neurosis set in B. irradiation became a reality C. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role D. a covert process confounded the experiment Pg. 189

A. experimental neurosis set in

____ can also be termed NS or "neutral stimulus". Pg. 189

CS / conditioned stimulus

____ can also be termed as "reinforcing" or "charged stimulus". Pg. 189

UCS / unconditioned stimulus

#275 In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog the cheeseburger. This is known as _________. A. instrumental learning via shaping B. positive reinforcement C. extinction, and the salivation will disappear D. negative reinforcement Pg. 189

C. extinction, and the salivation will disappear

#276 John B. Watson's name is associated with ________. A. Little Hans B. Anna O. C. Little Albert D. b & c Pg. 190

C. Little Albert Little Albert was a case the demonstrated that fears were "learned" and not the result of some unconscious conflict.

#277 During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks her tongue out at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing _________. A. negative reinforcement B. chaining C. reciprocal inhibition D. extinction Pg. 190

D. extinction

Sometimes when using the extinction method the behavior in question will get worse before it is eliminated. This is called ________. Pg. 190

response burst / extinction burst

A ______ is a sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response will occur. Pg. 191

Chain

A _______ is really just a series of operants joined together by reinforcers. Pg. 191

chain

#278 In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ______, while behavior therapy emphasizes ________. A. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning B. Pavlonian principles; Skinnerian principles C. Skinnerian principles; Pavlonian principles D. a & c Pg. 191

D. a & c

#279 A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished __________. A. using hypothesis B. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention C. using a biofeedback device D. by counterconditioning Pg. 191

B. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention

#280 The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by __________. A. Edward Thorndike B. Joseph Wolpe C. Neal Miller D. Ivan Pavlov Pg. 192

C. Neal Miller

_________ is the process of hooking a client up to a sophisticated electronic device that provides biological feedback. Pg. 192

biofeedback

__________ postulates the "law of effect," which is also known as "trial and error learning" theory. This theory assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be "stamped in", while those associated with annoying consequences are "stamped out". Pg. 192

Edward Thorndike

#281 The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that ________. A. a phobia could be a learned behavior B. it provided concrete proof that Skinner's model was correct C. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov's model was correct D. none of the above Pg. 192

A. a phobia could be a learned behavior

The key take-away message from Watson's Little Albert experiment was that fear was not due to psychopathology deep within the unconscious mind, but rather _______. Pg. 193

learning

#282 John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to ________. A. cure B. Skinner C. Piaget D. NLP Pg. 193

A. cure

#283 In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate ________. A. two DSM diagnoses which often co-occur: panic disorder B. stimulus generalization C. an adjustment reaction D. stimulus discrimination Pg. 193

B. stimulus generalization

#284 A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychopathology technically bases his or her treatment on ________. A. Pavlov's dogs B. Mary Cover Jones C. John B. Watson D. Freud's topographic hypothesis Pg. 194

D. Freud's topographic hypothesis

#285 When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means ________. A. she is nondirective B. she is very directive C. a treatment model D. she is not a depth psychologist Pg. 194

C. a treatment model

#286 A man says, "My life has been lousy for the past 6 months." The counselor replies, "Can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last 6 months?" The counselor is _________. A. using interpretation B. using summarization C. using concreteness D. using a depth psychology paradigm Pg. 195

C. using concreteness

#287 A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for 3 minutes per day. The counselor here is using _________. A. concreteness B. a directive C. interpretation D. parroting Pg. 195

B. a directive

#288 ________ is a biofeedback device. A. a bathroom scale B. a DVD player C. a digital clock D. an analyst's couch Pg. 196

A. a bathroom scale

#289 Johnny just loves M&Ms but doesn't do his homework. The school counselor thus instructs Johnny's mom to give the child a bag of M&Ms every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of _________. A. punishment B. biofeedback C. a Pavlonian strategy D. positive reinforcement Pg. 196

D. positive reinforcement

After a while a client will be given a schedule of reinforcement that does not reinforce every desirable action. This is referred to as ________. Pg. 197

thinning or intermittent schedule of reinforcement

#290 Genuineness, or congruence, is really _________. A. identical to concreteness B. selective empathy C. the counselor's ability to be themself D. an archaic Freudian notion Pg. 197

C. the counselor's ability to be themself

#291 Empathy is ________. A. the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client. B. behavioristic C. a & b D. the same as sympathy Pg. 197

A. the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client.

#292 When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ________, and when something is taken away it is called a ________. A. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer B. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer C. extinction; shaping D. classical conditioning; operant conditioning Pg. 198

B. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer

Any behavior which is not elicited by an obvious stimulus is an _______. Pg. 198

operant

A _______ is the consequence of a known stimulus. A dog salivating to food or the pupil in your eye enlarging when you walk into a dark room are examples of this. Pg. 198

respondents

A child cleans her room and her mother's nagging goes away. This is an example of ________. Pg. 198

negative reinforcement

#293 After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called __________. A. extinction B. token reinforcement C. biofeedback D. higher-order conditioning Pg. 198

D. higher-order conditioning

Some exams refer to the items or activities which can be purchased with the tokens as "_________". Pg. 199

back-up reinforcers

#294 A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would utilize ________. A. a temperature trainer B. EMG feedback C. EEG neurofeedback D. EKG feedback Pg. 199

A. a temperature trainer

#295 A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on _______. A. the Jacobson relaxation method B. GSR feedback C. EMG feedback D. a simple yet effective mood ring Pg. 200

C. EMG feedback

_________ was a physiologist who developed a relaxation technique in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation. Due to simplicity and efficacy this method rapidly became the darling of the behavior therapy movement. Pg. 200

Edmund Jacobson

#296 According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client themself likes to do. Thus, in this procedure _________. A. a lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior (HPB) B. a higher-probability behavior (HPB) is reinforced by a lower-probability behavior (LPB) C. a & b are paradoxically both effective D. none of the above Pg. 200

A. a lower-probability behavior (LPB) is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior (HPB)

The __________ is sometimes called, "Grandma's Rule/Law". An example of this would be "if you eat your veggies, then I'll let you have dessert". Pg. 201

Premack principle

#297 A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize ________. A. EMG feedback B. GSR feedback C. EEG feedback D. EKG feedback Pg. 201

C. EEG feedback

#298 A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines or rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as ________. A. an intermittent schedule B. an extinction schedule C. continuous reinforcement D. thinning Pg. 201

C. continuous reinforcement

_________ is not necessarily the most practical or the most effective. Most human behaviors are reinforced effectively via the principle of _________. Pg. 201

continuous reinforcement; intermittent/partial reinforcement or thinning

#299 The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the _________, based on the number of responses and the _______, based on the time elapsed. A. ratio; interval B. interval; ratio C. continuous; ratio D. interval; continuous Pg. 202

A. ratio; interval

"_______" implies that the reinforcement always takes place after a fixed time or number of responses, while "_______" implies that an average number of responses or times may be used. Pg. 202

fixed; variable

#300 The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the ________. A. fixed ratio, for example giving a child an M&M for each five math problems she completes. B. fixed interval, which describes the way most agency counselors are paid (e.g., one time per month, although the amount of work may vary from month to month). C. variable interval D. variable ratio Pg. 202

D. variable ratio

________ schedules are more effective than fixed schedules. ________ schedules are more effective than interval schedules. Pg. 203

variable; ratio

(_____ effective) VR, VI, FR, FI (______ effective) Pg. 203

most; least

#301 Joseph Wolpe created systematic desensitization, a form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning. His strategy has been used in individual and group settings. When using his technique, the acronym SUDS stands for _________. A. standard units of dysfunction B. a given hierarchy of dysfunction C. subjective units of disturbance scale D. standard units of distress scale Pg. 203

C. subjective units of disturbance scale

According to the __________ Law, a moderate amount of arousal or anxiety can actually improve performance. Pg. 203

Yerkes-Dodson Law

#302 A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforcer takes on reinforcement properties of its own. This is known as _________. A. a primary reinforcer B. covert processing C. secondary reinforcement D. SUDS Pg. 204

C. secondary reinforcement

Agencies that use tokens as a system of behavior modification are often dubbed as "__________". Pg. 204

token economies

Secondary reinforcements are also sometimes called "__________". Pg. 204

generalized reinforcers

Direct treatment of an overt (observable) behavior is called "__________". Pg. 204

in vivo treatment

#303 A teenager in a residential facility has earned enough tokens to buy his favorite brand of candy bar. The candy bar is ________. A. a negative reinforcer B. a back-up reinforcer C. an average stimulus D. a conditioned reinforcer Pg. 205

B. a back-up reinforcer

#304 An alcoholic is given Antabuse, which is a drug that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called ________. A. systematic desensitization B. biofeedback C. back-up reinforcement D. aversive conditioning Pg. 205

D. aversive conditioning

D. aversive conditioning Techniques like this are called "in vivo aversive conditioning".

#305 A counselor decides to treat a client's phobia of flying utilizing Wolpe's technique of systematic desensitization. The first step in the anxiety hierarchy items would be _________. A. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations. B. imagining that she is boarding the plane. C. imagining a flight in an airplane D. an actual flight in an airplane Pg. 206

A. imagining that she is calling the airlines for reservations.

#306 A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as ________. A. conscious rehearsal B. behavioral rehearsal C. fixed role therapy D. a & b Pg. 206

B. behavioral rehearsal

________ therapy, created by psychologist George Kelly, gives the client a sketch of a person or a fixed role. They are then instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script. Pg. 207

fixed role therapy

#307 Systematic desensitization consists of these orderly steps: A. autogenic training, desensitization in the imagination, and construction of the hierarchy B. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, in vivo desensitization, and desensitization in imagination C. relaxation training, desensitization in imagination, and construction of hierarchy D. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization Pg. 207

D. relaxation training, construction of anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization

Desensitization in imagination = __________ Pg. 207

interposition

It is best if hierarchy items are ______ spaced using the SUDS. If items are too far apart, moving up the hierarchy could prove nearly impossible. On the other hand, if items are spaced too close together, then the helping process will be unusually slow, and behaviorists place a premium on rapid, efficacious treatment. Pg. 207

evenly

Experts believe that "in vivo" experiences should not begin until the client has been desensitized to ___% of the hierarchy items. Pg. 207

75%

#308 ________ is behavioral sex therapy. A. classical vegotherapy B. orgone box therapy C. conditioned reflex therapy D. sensate focus Pg. 207

D. sensate focus

__________ is a form of behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters & Virginia Johnson of St. Louis, MO. This approach relies on counterconditioning. A couple is told to engage in touching and caressing (lower anxiety levels) on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible. Pg. 208

sensate focus

_________ felt that repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies. His orgone box was a device which the client would sit in to increase orgone life energy. Ultimately the FDA outlawed the orgone boxes and he died in jail. Pg. 208

Wilhelm Reich

_________, created by Andrew Salter, set the stage for modern assertiveness training. Pg. 208

conditioned reflex therapy

#309 A counselor has an obese client imagine that he is terribly sick after eating a high-caloric, high-fat meal. The client then imagines a pleasant scene in which his eating is desirable. This technique is called ________. A. behavioral rehearsal B. in vivo sensitization C. covert sensitization D. in vivo desensitization Pg. 208

C. covert sensitization

#310 One distinction between flooding (also known as "deliberate exposure with response prevention" in recent literature) and implosive therapy is that ________. A. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination B. flooding is always conducted in the imagination C. flooding is always safer D. implosive therapy is physically more dangerous Pg. 209

A. implosive therapy is always conducted in the imagination

________ therapy is always conducted using the imagination and sometimes relies on psychoanalytic symbolism. Pg. 209

implosive

_______ usually occurs when the client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus. This is also called "deliberate exposure with response prevention". This technique is very helpful when treating agoraphobia and OCD. Pg. 209

flooding

#311 Behavior therapists often shy away from punishment because _________. A. ACA ethics forbid the use of this technique B. NBCC ethics prohibit the use of operant conditioning C. extinction works more quickly D. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression Pg. 210

D. the effects of punishment are usually temporary and it teaches aggression

#312 A neophyte counselor discovers that her clients invariably give yes or no answers to her questions. The problem is most likely that ________. A. the counselor is sympathetic rather than empathetic B. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions C. the counselor's timing is poor in terms of interpretation D. she is summarizing too early in the counseling process Pg. 210

B. the counselor is utilizing too many closed-ended questions

#313 A client remarks that he was just dumped by his girlfriend. The counselor responds, "Oh, you poor dear. It must be terrible! How can you go on living?" This is an example of _________. A. EMDR B. accurate empathy C. confrontation D. sympathy Pg. 210

D. sympathy

________ often implies pity, while accurate _______ is the ability to experience another person's subjective experience. Pg. 211

sympathy; empathy

#314 A neophyte counselor is afraid he will say the wrong thing. He thus keeps repeating the client's statement verbatim when he responds. This is known as _________. A. desirable attending behavior B. parroting and is not recommended C. level 3 on the empathy scale D. paradoxical intention Pg. 211

B. parroting and is not recommended

Good eye contact and/or minimal encourages like "mhmm" are examples of _______ behavior. Pg. 211

attending behavior

#315 Viktor Frankl is the father of logotherapy, which is based on existentialism. Logotheraphy means _________. A. healing through meaning B. healing through the unconscious C. logic cures D. all of the above Pg. 212

A. healing through meaning

#316 All of these philosophers are existentialists EXCEPT: A. Plato & Epictetus B. Sarte, Buber, Binswanger, and Boss C. Kierkegaard, Nietzche, and Tillich D. Heidegger, Dostoevsky, and Jaspers Pg. 213

A. Plato & Epictetus

________ is considered the founding father of the cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) movement. Pg. 213

Albert Ellis

#317 Although behavior therapy purports to be highly scientific, it has been criticized on the grounds that it is simplistic, and does not deal with underlying causes. Existential therapy, on the other hand, has been criticized for ________. A. being too short-term B. overemphasizing techniques C. ignoring group strategies D. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures Pg. 213

D. being too vague regarding techniques and procedures

#318 Existentialists focus primarily on ________. A. the teenage years B. the client's perception in the hear and now C. childhood traumas D. uplifting childhood memories Pg. 214

B. the client's perception in the hear and now

#319 Existential counselors as well as Rogerian person-centered counselor adhere to what Martin Buber called the I-Thou relationship, which asserts that _______. A. the counselor is seen as a highly trained expert with answers. B. the relationship is vertical C. the relationship is horizontal D. empathy is not necessary Pg. 214

C. the relationship is horizontal

#320 Frankl is an existentialist. So are ________. A. Ellis and Perls B. Perls and Stampfl C. Yalom and May D. Janov and Beck Pg. 214

C. Yalom and May

__________ is the father of gestalt therapy. Pg. 215

Fritz Perls

__________ is noted for his primal scream therapy. Pg. 215

Arthur Janov

___________, whose cognitive therapy (CT) or CBT resembles REBT and focuses on automatic thoughts leading to depression. Pg. 215

Aaron Beck

Beck is praised for his ___________. It asserts that the depressed individual: 1. feels worthless and has a negative view of themself 2. has a negative view of the world as unfair 3. feels the future as hopeless Pg. 215

cognitive triad of depression

#321 Existentialists speak of 3 worlds, the "Umwelt" or the _______ world, the "Mitwelt" of the _______ world, and the "Eigenwelt" or the _______ world. A. unconscious; preconscious; conscious B. id; ego; superego C. self-identity; relationship; physical D. physical; relationship; identity Pg. 215

D. physical; relationship; identity

#322 Frankl's experience in Nazi concentration camps taught him _________. A. the value of stimulus-response (S-R) psychological paradigms. B. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response. C. that blaming others can be truly therapeutic. D. the value of active-directive counseling. Pg. 215

B. that you can't control the environment, but you can control your response.

#323 Existential counselors emphasize the client's _________. A. free choice, decision, and will B. transference C. slips of tongue D. latent dream symbolism Pg. 216

A. free choice, decision, and will

Logotherapists often use the term "___________", which is the frustration of the will to meaning. The counselor assists the client to find meaning in life so the client can write their own life story by making meaningful choices. Pg. 216

noogenic neurosis

#324 Existential theorists speak of phenomenology, which refers to the client's internal personal experience of events, and ontology, which is ___________. A. mental visualization for the treatment of cancer B. the impact of cancer on emotions C. a cancerous growth in the brain D. the philosophy of being and existing Pg. 216

D. the philosophy of being and existing

#325 Viktor Frankl is to logotherapy as William Glasser is to _________. A. rational therapy B. reality therapy C. rational-emotive imagery D. RBT Pg. 217

B. reality therapy

_________ is a technique used by rational-emotive behavior therapists in which the client is to imagine that they are in a situation which has traditionally caused emotional disturbance. The client then imagines changing the feelings via rational, logical, scientific thought. Pg. 217

rational imagery

_________, created by psychiatrist Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. This approach relies on REBT; however, the client performs a written self-analysis. This technique is well-suited for substance abuse and multicultural counseling. Pg. 217

rational behavior therapy / rational self-counseling

#326 Reality therapy has incorporated _________. A. control theory, later referred to as choice theory B. rational imagery C. TA principles D. rolfing Pg. 217

A. control theory, later referred to as choice theory

________ is a type of deep tissue massage which is assumed to have an impact on the person's emotional state. Pg. 217

rolfing

#327 All of these statements regarding reality therapy are true EXCEPT: A. the client's childhood is explored B. excuses are not accepted C. the unconscious is avoided D. therapy is concerned primarily with the here and now Pg. 218

A. the client's childhood is explored

#328 A counselor who repeats what a client has stated in the counselor's own words is using ________. A. contracting B. confrontation C. paraphrasing D. parroting Pg. 218

C. paraphrasing

#329 Most experts would agree that ________ is most threatening for clients as well as counselors. A. paraphrasing by the counselor B. open-ended questions C. role rehearsal D. silence Pg. 218

D. silence

#330 When the past is discussed in reality therapy, the focus is on ________. A. failures B. irrational internal verbalizations C. transference issues D. successful behaviors Pg. 219

D. successful behaviors

#331 Glasser's position on mental illness is that ________. A. is it best explained by DSM guidelines B. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible C. it is best explained by ICD categories D. it is the result of a deep internal conflict Pg. 219

B. diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick or irresponsible

#332 The relationship that the therapist has with the client in reality therapy is _________. A. detached but very empathetic B. like that of a warm caring mother C. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong D. friendly, nevertheless punishment is used when it is appropriate Pg. 219

C. like that of a friend who asks what is wrong

#333 Glasser's theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote ________. A. "Choice Theory" B. "The Interpretation of Dreams" C. "Positive Addiction" D. "Schools Without Failure" Pg. 220

D. "Schools Without Failure" Glasser also wrote choices A & C, plus his classic "Reality Therapy" and revision "Reality Therapy in Action".

#334 Glasser suggested eight steps in the reality therapy process. The final step asserts ________. A. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up. B. that some problems will not respond to any known plan of action. C. that counselors should contract with the client for no more than five counseling sessions. D. that a client who does not respond to the first seven steps is most likely a borderline personality. Pg. 220

A. that the client and counselor be persistent and never give up.

#335 According to Glasser, a positive addiction might be _______. A. jogging B. gambling C. playing the office football pool D. playing professional football Pg. 221

A. jogging

Glasser notes that a ________ addiction must be: 1. noncompetitive, which can be performed alone for about one hour each day 2. the person can see that performing the activity will lead to personal improvement 3. the person needs to be capable of performing the activity without becoming self-critical Pg. 221

positive addiction

#336 When a counselor reviews what has transpired in past counseling session they are using ________. A. paraphrasing B. reflection C. summarization D. confrontation Pg. 221

C. summarization

Glasser felt the responsible person will have a _______ identity. A. failure B. success C. diffused D. crisis-oriented Pg. 221

B. success

#338 Glasser is to reality therapy as Ellis is to ________. A. REBT B. TA (transactional analysis) C. AT (assertiveness training) D. gestalt therapy Pg. 222

A. REBT

#339 In Ellis's REBT, the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as _______. A. self-talk B. internal verbalizations C. impulses D. A & B Pg. 222

D. A & B

#340 The philosopher most closely related to REBT would be _______. A. Buber B. Epictetus C. Locke D. Jaspers Pg. 222

B. Epictetus

#341 REBT suggests the ABC theory of personality in which A is the ________, B is the ________, and C is the ________. A, affect; belief; control B. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence C. affect; behavior; control D. authenticity; belief; emotional consequence Pg. 223

B. activating event; belief system; emotional consequence

#342 The ABC theory of personality postulates that the intervention that occurs at D, _______ leads to E, _______. A. the dogmatic attitude; effective behavior B. direct living; evaluation C. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence D. the emotional disease; a new emotional consequence Pg. 224

C. disputing the irrational behavior at B; a new emotional consequence

#343 A counselor instructs her client to read "A Guide to Rational Living" by Albert Ellis and Robert Harper. This is an example of _________. A. bibliotherapy B. countertransference C. musturbation D. concreteness Pg. 224

A. bibliotherapy

_________ occurs when a client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in their thinking. This can also be referred to as "absolutist thinking". Pg. 224

musturbation

_________ is the act of telling yourself how difficult, terrible, and horrendous a situation is. Pg. 225

Awfulizing or catastrophizing

#345 A client says, "I lost my job and it's the most terrible thing in the world." This client is engaging in ________. A. rational self-talk B. self-induced empathy C. cognitive restructuring D. awfulizing and terribilizing, also known as catastrophizing Pg. 225

D. awfulizing and terribilizing, also known as catastrophizing

#346 Bibliotherapy is a form of ________. A. psychodynamic intervention B. homework C. displacement D. musturbation Pg. 225

B. homework

Therapies that basically "teach" the client are known as "________" models of treatment. Pg. 225

didactic

#347 Ellis feels that ________ is at the core of emotional disturbance. A. a trauma before age 5 B. a current traumatic activating event C. irrational thinking at point B D. repression of key feelings Pg. 226

C. irrational thinking at point B

#348 Therapeutic cognitive restructuring really refers to ________. A. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones. B. keeping a journal of irrational thoughts. C. allowing the client to purge feelings. D. uncovering relevant unconscious material. Pg. 226

A. refuting irrational ideas and replacing them with rational ones.

REBT therapists may also used ________ (i.e., imagery to help with the process) and urge clients to behave in different patterns (i.e., ________). Pg. 226

imaginal disputation; behavioral disputation

#349 Ellis most likely would not be impressed with a behaviorist's new animal study related to the psychotherapeutic process since ________. A. he does not believe in the scientific method. B. the study would not take transference into account. C. Ellis thoroughly dislikes hypothesis testing. D. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord). Pg. 227

D. only humans think in declarations (internal sentences that can cause or ward off emotional discord).

#350 Internal verbalizations are to REBT as ________ are to Glasser's choice theory. A. contracting B. pictures in your mind C. lack of punishment D. a therapeutic plan Pg. 227

B. pictures in your mind

#351 Albert Ellis is to REBT as Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr., is to ________. A. RBT B. AT C. TA D. S-R research Pg. 227

A. RBT

Maultsby is the father of _____ , which is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis. Pg. 227

RBT

#352 Aaron Beck, an ex-psychoanalytic psychiatrist who created the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-report questionnaire, also developed an approach known as cognitive therapy. Although cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, Beck insisted that _______. A. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational. B. the Oedipus complex is central to the treatment process. C. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of phobia. D. cognitive therapy is contraindicated in cases of anxiety. Pg. 228

A. dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad though not necessarily irrational.

The word _________ is used to describe an individual's tendency to be aware of their own cognitions or cognitive abilities. Pg. 229

metacognition

______ questioning helps clients challenge unrealistic thought patterns. An example of this would be, "could I be misrepresenting this situation?", or "am I focusing too much on the negative aspects of the relationship?". Beck and Adlerians are fans of this technique. Pg. 229

socratic questioning

#353 The cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation treatment is ________. A. Albert Ellis B. Donald Meichenbaum C. Maxie C. Maultsby, Jr. D. Aaron T. Beck Pg. 229

B. Donald Meichenbaum

#354 Eric Berne created transactional analysis (TA). The model was popularized via his books "Games People Play" and "What Do You Say After You Say Hello?" TA therapists are most likely to incorporate _________ in the treatment process. A. Meichenbaum's self-instructional therapy B. reality therapy C. gestalt therapy D. vegotherapy Pg. 230

C. gestalt therapy

#355 Berne suggested three ego states: the Parent, the Adult, and the Child (P-A-C). The Parent ego state is composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood. TA therapists speak of two functions in the Parent ego state, the ________. A. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent B. Critical Parent and the Repressed Parent C. Reactive Parent and the Active Parent D. Passive Parent and the Active Parent Pg. 230

A. Nurturing Parent and the Critical Parent

#356 The Adult ego state _________. A. contains the "shoulds" and "oughts" B. is the seat of feelings C. is like Freud's superego D. processes facts and does not focus on feelings Pg. 231

D. processes facts and does not focus on feelings

The Adult ego state corresponds to ______ ego. It is also known as the "neopsyche". It is rational, logical, and does not focus on feelings. Pg. 231

Freud's ego

The ______ ego state, sometimes called the "archaeopsyche," resembles Freud's id. Pg. 231

Child ego state

Describing the client using the Parent-Adult-Child conceptualization is known as "__________". Pg. 232

structural analysis

#358 TA is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions __________. A. occur where vectors of communication run parallel B. are known as crossed transactions C. are always between the Child and Adult ego states D. are always empathetic Pg. 232

A. occur where vectors of communication run parallel

A _________ would occur when vectors from a message sent and a message received do not run parallel (EX: I send a message from my Adult to your Adult and you respond from your Adult to my Child). Pg. 232

Crossed Transaction

#359 TA life positions were made famous by Tom Harris's book, "I'm OK - You're OK". The title of the book illuminates a healthy life position. The life position tells the counselor how a person goes about receiving strokes or recognition. A person categorized by the position "I'm OK - You're Not OK" __________. A. is generally self-abusive B. blames others for misery C. generally engages in self-mutilation D. is generally suicidal Pg. 232

B. blames others for misery

#360 A man yells at his wife and then slaps her, stating that she does nothing around the house. The women begins crying and he puts his arm around her to comfort her. He then begins crying and says that he doesn't know how he can continue doing all the housework because it is too difficult. A TA therapist who analyzes the situation using Stephen Karpman's drama triangle would say _________. A. the man is stuck in the "I'm Not OK - You're Not OK" life position B. the Critical Parent is dominating C. the man is obviously an adult child of an alcoholic D. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role Pg. 233

D. the man has moved from the persecutor, to the rescuer, to the victim role

#361 A TA counselor and a strict behaviorist are both in the same case conference to staff a client. Which technique would the two most likely agree on when formulating a plan of action? A. empty chair technique B. ego state analysis C. contracting D. formal assertiveness training Pg. 234

C. contracting

#362 A game is composed of transactions which end in a bad feeling for at least one player. Games are said to prevent true intimacy. Which other statement is true of games? A. in a first-degree game someone gets seriously hurt B. in a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game C. for a game to occur, three people must be involved D. games always involve parallel vectors of communication Pg. 234

B. in a first-degree game the harm is minimal, but the level of harm is quite serious in a third-degree game

#363 Unpleasant feelings after a person creates a game are called ________. A. rackets B. life scripts C. the Little Professor D. an analysis of variance Pg. 234

A. rackets

Dr. Leonore _________ researcher women in abusive relationships. He discovered that there is a "__________" with 3 phases: 1. tension-building - arguments erupt very easily. Also known as the "walking on eggshells" phase. 2. actual fight or abuse, sexual abuse, or homicide occurs 3. makeup/honeymoon phase As time goes on a couple may go through these phases more rapidly and the last phase may no longer occur. Pg. 235

Walker; cycle of violence

#364 According to Eric Berne a life script is actually _________. A. an ulterior transaction B. an eg state C. a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life D. a series of parallel transactions Pg. 235

C. a life drama or plot based on unconscious decisions made early in life

______ scripts = person who never feels they will succeed Pg. 236

never scripts

_______ scripts = person who will always remain the way they are Pg. 236

always scripts

______ scripts = that result in a way a person believes they will behave after a certain event occurs Pg. 236

after scripts

______ scripts = person has no direction or plan Pg. 236

open-ended scripts

______ scripts = person is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives Pg. 236

until scripts

#365 Eric Berne is to TA as Fritz Perls is to _________. A. the empty chair technique B. gestalt therapy C. the underdog D. the top dog Pg. 236

B. gestalt therapy

#366 Empathy and counselor effectiveness scales reflect the work of _________. A. Perls & Berne B. Ellis & Harper C. Prochaska's transtheoretical model (TTM) D. Carkhuff & Gazda Pg. 237

D. Carkhuff & Gazda

According to Prochaska's _____________, these are the steps necessary for a client begin changing: 1. Precontemplation - the person is not ready to change or acknowledge the issue 2. Contemplation - the person is ambivalent or getting ready to change 3. Preparation - the person comes up with ideas how to change 4. Action - the person takes steps to improve 5. Maintenance - relies on behaviors to prevent relapse and to perpetuate the new behaviors Pg. 238

transtheoretical model (TTM) of change

The acronym NLP is an abbreviation of _________. A. Bandler & Grinder's neurolinguistic programming B. new language programs for computer therapy C. new language psychotherapy software D. neurological psychotherapy Pg. 238

A. Bandler & Grinder's neurolinguistic programming

Two of the most popular techniques used by NLP practitioners are "_______" and "_______". When using _________ the counselor helps the client to perceive a given situation in a new light so as to produce a new emotional reaction. In _________, a desirable emotional state is evoked via an outside stimulus such as a touch or a sound or a specific bodily motion. Pg. 238

reframing; anchoring; reframing; anchoring

#368 A gestalt therapist is most likely going to deal with a client's projection via __________. A. playing the projection technique B. the empty chair technique C. converting questions to statements D. a behavioral contract Pg. 239

A. playing the projection technique

#369 A client says she has a tingling sensation in her hands each time she talks about the probability of marriage. A gestalt therapist would most likely _________. A. ask the client to recount a dream B. urge the client to engage in thought stopping C. prescribe relaxation homework D. urge the client to stay with the feeling Pg. 239

D. urge the client to stay with the feeling

#370 Gestalt therapists sometimes utilize the exaggeration experiment which most closely resembles _________. A. successive approximations B. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson C. free association D. paraphrasing with emotional reflection Pg. 240

B. paradox as practiced by Frankl, Haley, or Erickson

#371 A client undergoing gestalt therapy who states "It is difficult to get a job in New York City" would be asked by the counselor to _________. A. go to the O*NET online website which is the replacement for the DOT and is now the nation's primary source of occupational information. B. change the verbalization to an "I" statement C. read the OOH D. take the Strong Interest Inventory (SII) Pg. 240

B. change the verbalization to an "I" statement

#372 Gestalt therapy, a paradigm that focuses on awareness in the here and now incorporates __________. A. psychodrama B. Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy, which asserts that maladaptive thinking creates emotional disturbance and thus clients should record dysfunctional thoughts. C. conditioned reflex therapy D. client-centered therapy Pg. 241

A. psychodrama

___________ incorporates role-playing into the treatment process. It was invented by Jacob Moreno, who also coined the term "__________" in 1931. Pg. 241

psychodrama; group therapy

_________ therapists emphasize experiments and exercises. Pg. 241

Gestalt

#373 According to gestalt therapists, a client who is angry at his wife for leaving him, and who makes a suicide attempt, would be engaging in __________. A. sublimation B. a panic reaction C. retroflection D. repression Pg. 241

C. retroflection

__________ is the at of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else. Pg. 242

retroflection

#374 Gestalt means ________. A. a group B. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole C. a dyad D. visual acuity Pg. 242

B. a form, figure, or configuration unified as a whole

#375 Perls suggested ________ which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability. A. four layers of neurosis B. three layers of neurosis C. two layers of neurosis D. five layers of neurosis Pg. 242

D. five layers of neurosis

#376 In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as _________. A. unfinished business B. the emerging gestalt C. form/figure language D. the top dog Pg. 243

A. unfinished business

#377 Gestalt therapy emphasizes ________. A. cognitive-behavioral issues B. transference issues C. traumatic childhood memories D. awareness in the here and now and dream work Pg. 243

D. awareness in the here and now and dream work

#378 The gestalt dialogue experiment generally utilizes the concepts of _________. A. behavioral self-control B. choice theory C. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique D. the rehearsal technique Pg. 244

C. top dog, underdog, and the empty chair technique

#379 Critics assert that gestalt therapy is an effective treatment that _______. A. often fails to emphasize the importance of dreams B. ignores nonverbal behavior C. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns D. uses the making the rounds techniques, which is not appropriate for group work Pg. 244

C. often fails to emphasize cognitive concerns

#380 Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy (e.g., gestalt, behavioristic, reality therapy, etc.) was during ________. A. the late 1970s B. the late 1960s C. the 1980s D. the mid-1950s Pg. 245

D. the mid-1950s

#381 The relationship a client has with a gestalt therapist would most likely progress ________ than the relationship a client would have with a Rogerian counselor. A. faster B. slower C. at the same pace D. a & b Pg. 246

B. slower

#382 The school of counseling created by Carl Rogers, Ph.D., has undergone three name changes. Initially it was called ________, then ________, and in 1974 it changed to _________. A. nondirective; client-centered; person-centered B. directive; nondirective; client-centered C. person-centered; Rogerian nondirective D. client-centered; person-centered; nondirective Pg. 246

A. nondirective; client-centered; person-centered

________'s method could also be known as "self-theory". When his approach is used in career counseling the role of the self-concept in terms of career choice is illuminated. Pg. 246

Roger's

#383 Roger's approach is characterized as a(n) ________ approach. A. existential or humanistic B. cognitive C. cognitive-behavioral D. neodynamic Pg. 246

A. existential or humanistic

#384 Which statement is true of the person-centered approach? A. reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice B. advice is given a lot C. reflection is rarely utilized D. closed-ended questions keep the session moving at a fast pace Pg. 247

A. reflection is used a lot yet the counselor rarely gives advice

_________ in the initial sessions can keep a client from working through their feelings. Pg. 247

advice giving

#385 In the person-centered approach, an effective counselor must possess ________. A. the skill to be confrontational B. the ability to give advice C. the ability to do formal psychological testing D. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship" Pg. 248

D. empathy, congruence, genuineness, and demonstrate unconditional positive regard to create a desirable "I-Thou relationship"

Rogerians name three "_____________" that helps produce a therapeutic environment. 1. genuineness 2. unconditional positive regard 3. empathetic understanding Pg. 248

"conditions for growth"

#386 Rogers viewed man as ________. A. basically evil B. driven by instincts C. a product of reinforcement D. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment Pg. 248

D. positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment

________ (person-centered) = individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization Pg. 248

Rogers

________ (TA / Transactional Analysis) = messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script Pg. 249

Berne

_______ (psychoanalysis) = deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts; are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression Pg. 249

Freud

________ (REBT / Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy) = people have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner by can be taught to use their capacity to react differently Pg. 249

Ellis

_______ (Gestalt) = people are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole." People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such. Pg. 249

Perls

_______ (reality therapy) = individuals strive to meet basic physiological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tried to meet needs. Pg. 249

Glasser

_______ (individual psychology) = man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order. Pg. 249

Adler

______ (analytic psychology) = man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment Pg. 249

Jung

______ (behavior modification) = humans are like other animals; mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom Pg. 249

Skinner

_______ (neobehavioristic) = person produces and is a product of conditioning. Observation and modeling are extremely important Pg. 249

Bandura

_______ (logotherapy) = existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice Pg. 249

Frankl

______ (trait-factor) = through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive. Pg. 249

Williamson

#387 A person-centered therapist would ________. A. treat clients with everyday problems differently from psychotics B. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles C. use more closed-ended questions with adjustment reactions D. use contracting with client who are not making progress PG. 250

B. treat all diagnostic categories of the DSM using the same principles

#388 Rogers emphasized congruence in the counselor. Congruence occurs when _______. A. external behavior matches an internal response or state B. the counselor uses silence C. the counselor reflects emotion D. the counselor summarizes at the end of the session Pg. 250

A. external behavior matches an internal response or state

#389 Rogers felt that _______ for client change to occur. A. conditions must be in accordance with the problem B. three conditions are necessary C. nine conditions are necessary D. two conditions are necessary Pg. 251

B. three conditions are necessary

#390 Person-centered counseling would prove least effective with _______. A. a bright verbal male B. a bright verbal female C. a graduate student who had a knowledge of phrenology D. a client who is not very verbal Pg. 251

D. a client who is not very verbal

#391 Critics of the Rogerian approach feel that _______. A. it does not emphasize relationship concerns B. some degree of directiveness is needed after the initial phase of counseling C. more confrontation is necessary, though Rogers did encourage caring confrontations D. b & c Pg. 251

D. b & c

#392 Counselors who work as consultants ________. A. generally adhere to reality therapy B. generally adhere to one single theory C. generally adhere to consultation theory D. generally do not adhere to one single theory Pg. 252

D. generally do not adhere to one single theory

#393 Counseling generally occurs in a clinical setting while consultation generally occurs in a _______ setting. A. group B. work/organization C. continuing care D. residential Pg. 253

B. work/organization

#394 Attending behavior that is verbal is also called _______. A. verbal tracking B. clarifying C. reflection D. paraphrasing Pg. 253

A. verbal tracking

#395 The counselor's social power is related to _______. A. age B. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness C. sex and age D. degree of directiveness Pg. 254

B. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness

#396 Key areas that often cause problems for the counselor's self-image are _______. A. choice of a modality and a learning disability B. age and the lack of a doctoral degree C. lack of NCC D. competence, power, and intimacy Pg. 255

D. competence, power, and intimacy

#397 A counselor who is genuine _______. A. does not role-play someone they are not, so as to be accepted by the client B. does not change their true values from session to session C. is not empathetic D. a & b Pg. 255

D. a & b

#398 Allen Ivey has postulated 3 types of empathy: A. positive, negative regard, and cognitive B. reflective; micro-empathy, and forced choice C. basic, subtractive, and additive D. micro-empathy, basic, and level 8 empathy Pg. 256

C. basic, subtractive, and additive

_______ empathy = counselor's response is on the same level as the client's Pg. 256

basic empathy

________ empathy = counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communicated. Pg. 256

subtractive empathy

_______ empathy = most desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness Pg. 256

additive empathy

#399 ________ and ______ created a program to help counselors learn accurate empathy. A. Truax; Carkhuff B. Rogers; Berenson C. Rogers; Brill D. Carkhuff; Satir Pg. 256

A. Truax; Carkhuff

#400 The human relations core for effective counseling includes _______. A. power, competence, and trustworthiness B. expertise, attractiveness, and trustworthiness C. empathy. positive regard (or respect), and genuineness D. self-image, self-talk, and attending behavior Pg. 256

C. empathy. positive regard (or respect), and genuineness

Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards

(321 cards)