CPG 9 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Why is it difficult to develop drugs to kill viruses
They mutate and change very quickly, making it hard for drugs to remain effective
what is meant by antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
bacteria that can survive in the presence of antibiotics that would otherwise kill it or stop growth
Why use a low dosage at the beginning of clinical trials?
Minimise risk
Why do clinical trials use double blind?
So results are objective as possible and eliminate bias.
why have peer review
eliminates bias, validates findings - more trustworthy.
what is a monoclonal antibody?
Produced from clones of a SINGLE white blood cell. Designed to target a specific type of antigen.
How does cellulose protect against microorganisms? TWO
Acts as a defensive barrier.
Contains defensive chemicals such as lignin.
what chemicals do plants produce for defence? TWO and how they help the plant to survive.
Alkaloids - make plant bitter tasting for herbivores.
Phenolic compounds - antimicrobial and antioxidants - fight fungus etc.
TWO types of mechanical adaptations in plants for defence
Thorns, prickles - less accessible and palatable to herbivores.
Thick, tough leaves - harder for herbivores to chew.
If a plant has stunted growth, what mineral is it likely deficient in
Nitrogen
What is Nitrogen needed for?
Nitrogen is a key nutrient required for the production of proteins & chlorophyll - needed for photosynthesis and growth.
How do plants use glucose produced during photosynthesis? Two ways
energy for growth and development
starch for food
what is an endothermic reaction
a reaction that absorbs energy
In plants glucose is used to produce X? In animals glucose is used to produce X?
Starch - plants
Glycogen - animals
Components of a lipid molecule
1 glycerol molecule, 3 fatty acid chains.
How are protein molecules formed? TWO
Glucose is combined with nitrate ions, to make amino acids which are then made into proteins.
What is excess protein the body broken down to produce?
Urea
Does fermentation happen with or without oxygen
Without
