CPPS303 XIAO Lecture 6 Adipose Tissue March_21_2025 (1) Flashcards
What are the endocrine factors secreted from adipose tissue?
Adipokines, lipokines, cytokines, exosomes, miRNA
These factors regulate metabolism and other physiological processes.
What major functions do adipose-derived factors have in regulating metabolism?
Regulating lipid and glucose homeostasis, energy balance, inflammation, tissue repair
These factors can act through paracrine or endocrine mechanisms.
What is an adipokine?
A regulatory peptide secreted by adipose tissue
Examples include leptin, adiponectin, and resistin.
What is the role of leptin in energy regulation?
Suppressing appetite, promoting energy expenditure, regulating heat loss
Leptin levels correlate positively with adipose tissue mass.
What is leptin resistance?
The inability to respond to leptin despite sufficient or excess levels in circulation
This condition is associated with obesity.
What is adiponectin and its significance?
An adipokine secreted by adipocytes with insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory properties
Levels decrease with increasing fat mass.
List the three forms of adiponectin.
- Low-molecular weight (LMW) trimers
- Medium-molecular weight (MMW) hexamers
- High-molecular weight (HMW) oligomers
What is the primary function of lipokines?
Regulating diverse physiological processes such as lipid and glucose homeostasis, energy balance
They act through paracrine or endocrine mechanisms.
What are FAHFA and their significance?
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids with potential therapeutic effects on obesity and insulin resistance
Examples include palmitoleate and 12,13-diHOME.
How do adipocyte-derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) function?
They participate in inter-tissue communication and play roles in metabolic regulation
They can serve as disease markers and effectors.
What are the protective effects of adiponectin?
Increased insulin sensitivity, reduced glucose levels, protective against diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease
Adiponectin is associated with decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis.
True or False: Resistin is produced directly by adipocytes in humans.
False
Resistin is secreted by adipose tissue macrophages in humans.
What are the endocrine properties of adipose tissue?
Secretion of adipokines, lipokines, and other factors affecting multiple metabolic pathways
These include energy intake, thermogenesis, and vascular functions.
What are the two main adiponectin receptors?
ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2
These receptors mediate the effects of adiponectin on target tissues.
Fill in the blank: Adipose tissue is important for _______ and energy homeostasis.
lipid
What are the effects of leptin on the central nervous system?
Increase sympathetic flow to adipose tissues, increase energy expenditure, decrease heat loss, suppress appetite
Leptin acts via its receptor in the CNS.
What is the role of exosomal miR-99b?
Downregulates fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)
FGF21 is an endocrine hormone and metabolic regulator.
What is the relationship between adipokines and cardiometabolic diseases?
Adipokines can have protective or detrimental effects on the development of cardiometabolic diseases
Evidence is based on genetic or pharmacological studies in rodents.
What is the significance of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in relation to leptin?
Leptin activates POMC neurons to release α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, stimulating satiety
This reduces food intake by suppressing orexigenic neurons.
