PHPY303 XIAO Lecture 10 Metabolic Disorders March_31_2025 (1) Flashcards
What are the major sources of energy for the human body?
Glucose and fatty acids
These are crucial for maintaining energy homeostasis.
What is disrupted energy/glucose/lipid homeostasis associated with?
Diseases such as diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and fatty liver
These conditions arise due to the failure of metabolic regulation.
What is Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM)?
An autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic islet beta-cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency
T1DM results in the body being unable to produce insulin.
What is Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM)?
A condition marked by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency due to beta-cell dysfunction
T2DM often involves a failure of beta-cells to compensate for insulin resistance.
What is the Disposition Index (DI)?
DI = Insulin sensitivity x Insulin secretion
It reflects the relationship between insulin secretion and sensitivity.
True or False: Insulin resistance is accompanied by a decrease in insulin secretion.
False
Insulin resistance is typically accompanied by an increase in insulin secretion.
What are key treatment strategies for Type II diabetes?
Medications that improve glucose homeostasis, including:
* Insulin sensitizers
* Insulin secretagogues
* Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
* SGLT2 inhibitors
These treatments aim to restore glucose balance in the body.
What is the formula for calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?
BMI = (weight in kg) / (height in m)^2
This formula helps categorize individuals based on their weight relative to height.
What BMI range is considered as obesity?
≥30
Obesity is a significant health issue affecting a large proportion of the population.
What is a common monogenic cause of obesity?
Mutations in leptin or melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) gene
These genetic factors can lead to rare forms of obesity.
What lifestyle changes are key strategies for preventing obesity?
Healthy food options and increasing physical activity
These changes can significantly impact weight management.
What are the types of bariatric surgery mentioned?
- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
- Sleeve gastrectomy (SG)
- Adjustable gastric banding (AGB)
- Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS)
These surgeries are effective for severe obesity treatment.
What is the estimated weight reduction after bariatric surgery at 1-2 years?
25-30%
This substantial weight loss can lead to resolution of obesity-related complications.
What are GLP-1 receptor agonists used for?
They are used to reduce appetite and energy intake
These drugs are effective for weight management and diabetes treatment.
What is the role of tirzepatide?
A once-weekly injectable peptide that acts as a GLP-1/GIP receptor dual agonist
It has shown greater weight reduction compared to GLP-1 receptor agonists alone.
Fill in the blank: The cornerstone of weight management is _______.
Lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise)
This approach is essential for long-term success in obesity treatment.
What is the weight reduction percentage associated with GLP-1 receptor agonist in clinical trials?
~20%
Referenced in Jastreboff et al. NEJM 2022
What type of agonist is Tirzepatide?
GLP-1/GIP receptor dual agonist
More weight reduction than GLP-1R agonist alone
What is the main benefit of exercise in relation to obesity?
Long-lasting benefits in weight management
Lifestyle remains the cornerstone of battling obesity
What is the focus of the SURMOUNT-4 randomized clinical trial?
Maintenance of weight reduction in adults with obesity using Tirzepatide
Published in JAMA 2024
What happens to weight after stopping GLP-1 receptor agonists?
Weight rebound
Indicates the need for continued treatment for sustained results
Which GLP-1 receptor agonist was compared with placebo for weight reduction in a 2022 study?
Once-Weekly Semaglutide
Jastreboff et al. N Engl J Med 2022
What is the significance of restoring homeostasis in metabolic disorders?
Prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity
Key to addressing disrupted glucose/energy/lipid homeostasis
What is the title of the study by JP Wilding et al. related to liraglutide?
Liraglutide and Body Weight
N Engl J Med 2021
