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CPPS 303 > Lectures 15 Adrenal Gland Feb 10, 2025 > Flashcards

Lectures 15 Adrenal Gland Feb 10, 2025 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?

A

Inner medulla and outer cortex

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2
Q

What type of cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine in the adrenal gland?

A

Chromaffin cells

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3
Q

From what compound are cortisol and aldosterone synthesized?

A

Cholesterol

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4
Q

What is cortisol classified as?

A

Glucocorticoid

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5
Q

What condition can result from a deficiency of cortisol?

A

Hypoglycemia

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6
Q

What is the primary function of aldosterone?

A

Promotes salt and water retention by the kidney

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7
Q

Major hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include:

A
  • Cortisol
  • Aldosterone
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone
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8
Q

Where is cortisol produced in the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona fasciculata

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9
Q

What is the half-life of cortisol?

A

70-90 minutes

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10
Q

What percentage of cortisol is transported bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)?

A

About 90%

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11
Q

What type of receptors does cortisol bind to?

A

Intracellular receptors

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12
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on plasma glucose concentration?

A

Increases plasma glucose concentration

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13
Q

Cortisol enhances the mobilization of _______ from proteins.

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

Cortisol has _______ activity by inhibiting phospholipase A2.

A

Anti-inflammatory

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15
Q

Cortisol inhibits the release of which pro-inflammatory cytokine?

A

Interleukin-2

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16
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A
  • Innate immunity
  • Adaptive immunity
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17
Q

Cortisol enhances the synthesis of which protein that inhibits phospholipase A2?

A

Lipocortin (or annexin)

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18
Q

What is the role of bradykinin in the body?

A

Mediates pain

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19
Q

Cortisol can have _______ activity, which may be used against rejection of transplanted organs.

A

Immunosuppressive

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20
Q

Cortisol is necessary for the maintenance of normal _______ in the level of arterioles.

A

Blood pressure

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21
Q

What condition is characterized by chronic adrenal insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease

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22
Q

Aldosterone is produced in which part of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa

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23
Q

What is the primary regulator of salt balance in the body?

24
Q

Aldosterone secretion is stimulated by which systems?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Renin-angiotensin system
  • Potassium
  • ACTH
25
In which condition might aldosterone secretion increase?
Congestive heart failure
26
What syndrome is characterized by spontaneous increases in aldosterone synthesis?
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
27
What are common effects of excess cortisol?
* Truncal adiposity * Hypertension * Easy bruising * Hyperglycemia
28
What is the short half-life of aldosterone?
15-20 minutes
29
Aldosterone affects the homeostasis of which two ions?
* Na+ * K+
30
What is a potential outcome of excess aldosterone on heart tissues?
Increases fibrosis
31
Which agents can block the actions of aldosterone?
* Spironolactone * Eplerenone
32
What is the role of aldosterone in certain tissues?
Increases fibrosis within certain tissues, including myocardium and blood vessel wall.
33
Name two agents that block the aldosterone receptor.
* Spironolactone * Eplerenone
34
What is the effect of blocking aldosterone receptors in heart failure patients?
Improves clinical outcomes.
35
Where are adrenal androgens produced?
Zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex.
36
Adrenal androgens are derived from which type of lipoprotein?
Cholesterol-containing low-density lipoprotein.
37
Provide two examples of adrenal androgens.
* Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) * Androstenedione
38
Do adrenal androgens have stronger or weaker androgenic activity than testosterone?
Weaker androgenic activity.
39
In males, adrenal androgens are converted to which hormone?
Testosterone.
40
In females, what is the major source of androgenic compounds?
Adrenal androgens.
41
What hormone do adrenal androgens get converted into by granulosa cells in females?
17β-estradiol.
42
Adrenal androgens become particularly important after which life stage in females?
Menopause.
43
What hormones are synthesized by adrenomedullary chromaffin cells?
* Epinephrine * Norepinephrine
44
What is the approximate percentage of epinephrine produced?
80%.
45
What is the approximate percentage of norepinephrine produced?
10%.
46
What is the typical response elicited by α1 adrenergic receptors?
Excitatory.
47
Which adrenergic receptor type is primarily found in the heart?
β1.
48
Fill in the blank: The fight-or-flight response exemplifies the central control of _______.
[adrenomedullary function]
49
What is the role of CRH in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis?
Stimulates the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
50
What does ACTH stimulate in the adrenal cortex?
Synthesis and secretion of cortisol.
51
What is the precursor protein for ACTH?
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).
52
What type of receptors do melanocortins bind to?
Melanocortin receptors (MC1R to MC5R).
53
What is the primary gene transcript that yields a variety of peptide hormones in the pituitary?
Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC).
54
What hormone acts as a potent secretagogue for ACTH?
Arginine vasopressin (AVP).
55
True or False: Cortisol exerts positive feedback on the hypothalamus.
False.
56
What is a trophic hormone?
A hormone that stimulates the release of another hormone with growth effect.

CPPS 303 (22 decks)

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