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cranial nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

how many peripheral nerves that originate from the brain and brainstem,
numbered along longitudinal axis

A

12

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2
Q

cranial nerves

A

Travel out of skull through foramina
* Have nuclei in cerebrum & brainstem
* CN I and II – forebrain
* CN III – XII from the brainstem

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3
Q

Mostly provide innervation of the head and neck
* Somatic and visceral innervation
* Include parasympathetic but NOT sympathetic innervation
* Special sensory innervation
* Vision, smell, taste, hearing, equilibrium

A

cranial nerves

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4
Q

primary function of CN I Olfactory Nerve

A

special sensory smell

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5
Q

Special Afferent fibers (SA)
* Attached to cerebrum
* Olfactory tracts travel to cerebral
cortex, hypothalamus & limbic
system

A

CN I Olfactory nerve

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6
Q

Olfactory bulbs innervated by other brain
nuclei cause

A

central adaptation

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7
Q

rapid neuron replacement (unusual)

A

CN I Olfactory nerve

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8
Q
  • Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) can cause an
    inability to smell anosmia, a distortion in the
    sense of smell
A

parosmia, or a distortion or lack
of taste

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9
Q

primary function of CN II Optic nerve

A

special sensory (vision)

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9
Q
  • CN I is usually evaluated only after head trauma, when lesions of the
    anterior fossa (eg, meningioma) are suspected or patients report
    abnormal
A

smell or taste

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10
Q

Special Afferent fibers (SA)
* Optic nerves connect the retina
to the optic chiasm

A

Only fibers from the medial side
of the retina (sees peripheral
vision) decussate at the optic
chiasm to the other side of the
brain

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11
Q

injury to CN II optic nerve may impact

A

visual acuity & visual fields
* Injury may impair ability to see objects on left
or right side

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12
Q

Optic chiasm lesions cause _______

A

type of partial blindness where
vision is missing in the outer half of both the
right and left visual field

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13
Q

Inflammation (optic neuritis) may impact the

A

sharpness of vision or color detection

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14
Q

Color vision tested using

A

Ishihara plates

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15
Q

CN III Oculomotor Nerve primary function

A

motor (eye movements)

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16
Q

General somatic efferent (GSA)
* Innervates 4 out of 6 extrinsic ______

A

eye muscles
& levator palpebrae superioris (upper
eyelid)

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17
Q

Autonomic nerves travel to _______
and control intrinsic eye muscles - pupil
diameter & lens shape to focus light on

A

ciliary ganglion

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18
Q

Intrinsic Eye Muscles
* Ciliary muscle(lens)
* Sphincter pupillae

  • Dilator pupillae
A

parasympathetic
parasympathetic
sympathetic

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19
Q

CN IV Trochlear Nerve
* Innervates superior oblique
extrinsic muscle of the eye

A

General somatic efferent (GSA)

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20
Q

Testing of CN III Oculomotor Nerve

damage can cause

A

double vision and
inability to coordinate the movements of
both eyes (strabismus), eyelid drooping
(ptosis) and pupil dilation (mydriasis).
* May tilt head to accommodate

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21
Q

CN VI Abducens Nerve

innervates ____

A

lateral rectus
extrinsic muscle of the eye
* Abducts the eye

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21
Q

The ability of the eye to look
down and inwards is
controlled by the

A

trochlear nerve (IV)

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22
Q

CN VI Abducens Nerve
function?

A

motor (eye movements)
general somatic efferent (GSA)

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23
Oculomotor (III), Trochlea (IV) & Abducens (VI) nerves all pass through
superior orbital fissure of skull
24
Testing CN III, IV & VI
the oculomotor, trochlear and abducens are all involved in eye movements
25
CN V Trigeminal Nerve primary function
Mixed (sensory and motor to face) * General somatic afferent (GSA) & Special visceral afferent (SVA
25
testing CN III,IV and VI
Test eye movement - follow your finger with their eyes
26
3 branches of CN V Trigeminal nerve
3 branches: 1. Ophthalmic 2. Maxillary 3. Mandibular
27
CN V Trigeminal Nerve
V1: Ophthalmic branch: Sensory V2: Maxillary branch: Sensory V3: Mandibular branch: Mixed
28
V1: Ophthalmic branch: Sensory
V1: Ophthalmic branch: Sensory Orbital structures, cornea, skin of forehead, nasal cavity, upper eyelid, eyebrow & part of nose
29
V2: Maxillary branch: Sensory
Lower eyelid, gums, upper lip, cheek, teeth, nose, palate & pharynx
30
V3: Mandibular branch: Mixed
Sensory – teeth, lips, lower gums Motor – muscles of mastication (chewing)
31
Injury & Testing of CN V Trigeminal Nerve
Testing * Corneal reflex * Facial sensitivity * Jaw motor strength
32
pain in areas innervated by maxillary and mandibular branches
Trigeminal Neuralgia (tic doulouroux) =
33
primary function of CN VII facial nerve
Mixed (sensory and motor to face) * General somatic afferent (GSA) Special afferent (SA), General visceral efferent (GVE) & Special visceral efferent (SVE
34
CN VII Facial Nerve
5 branches
35
CN VII Facial nerve
Sensory – * Proprioception of facial muscles * Pressure on face * Special Sensory – Taste anterior 2/3 of tongue
36
Motor – * Somatic – facial expression * Visceral – tear ducts, salivary glands, nasal mucous glands – Autonomic – parasympathetic Intracranial and extracranial branches Travels through parotid gland
CN VII facial nerve
37
innervate lacrimal glands (tears), nasal cavity & pharynx
Pterygopalantine ganglia
37
CN VII Facial Nerve – Autonomic Ganglia * Facial nerves carry pre-ganglionic autonomic fibers to autonomic ganglia
parasympathetic
38
innervate submandibular & sublingual salivary glands
Submandibular ganglia
39
Primary Function: Special sensory * Special afferent (SA) * Vestibular branch: Balance & Equilibrium * Cochlear branch: Hearing Testing * Balance & hearing
CN VIII Vestibulocohlear nerve
40
Inflammation of a Facial Nerve from viral infection * Temporary paralysis on one side of face, loss of taste Testing * Facial expression
CN VII Facial Nerve – Bell’s Palsy
41
Primary Function: Mixed (sensory & motor) * General Somatic afferent (GSA), General visceral afferent (GVA), Special afferent (SA) & General somatic efferent (GSE) General visceral efferent (GVE
CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
42
Sensory – general sensory palate * special sensory taste in posterior 1/3 of tongue * Visceral sensory: Monitors blood pressure and dissolved gas concentration by receptors in carotid artery
CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
43
Motor * Somatic – muscles of swallowing * Visceral – parotid salivary glands – autonomic via Otic ganglia
CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
44
Testing Gag reflex – touch arches of pharynx
CN IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
45
CN X Vagus Nerve
Primary Function: Mixed (sensory & motor) * General Somatic afferent (GSA), General visceral afferent (GVA), Special afferent (SA) & General somatic efferent (GSE) General visceral efferent (GVE)
46
Motor: Pharynx, larynx, vocal cords * preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to heart smooth muscles, small intestines & gland
CN X Vagus Nerve
47
Sensory: Somatic sensory information from diaphragm * Visceral sensory information from abdominal tract & respiratory tract
CN X Vagus nerve testing problems swallowing
48
CN XI Accessory Nerve
AKA – Spinoaccessory nerves * Somatic Motor only * Internal branch – swallowing & muscles of vocal cords * External branch – muscles of neck & back * Not really a cranial nerve because originates from spinal cord
48
CN XI Accessory Nerve primary function
Motor muscles of neck & back * General somatic efferent (GSE) * Supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Damage to the nerve may cause a winged scapula
49
CN XII Hypoglossal Nerve primary function
Motor – tongue muscles * General somatic efferent (GSE) * Intrinsic originate outside & insert on tongue * Extrinsic muscles within tongue
50
* A damaged hypoglossal nerve will result in an inability to stick the tongue out straight; here seen in an injury resulting from
surgery
51
know autonomic ganglia parasympathetic
slide 36
52
Sympathetics to Head * Do NOT originate from cranial nerves * Originate from upper thoracic segments * Ascend sympathetic chain to
cervical ganglia (upper, middle & lower cervical ganglia) and synapse
53
Post-ganglionics distribute via
gray rami communicans to skin or along arterial branches/cranial nerves to internal structures
54
what is horners syndrome
damage to sympathetic nerves in cervical region
55
look at slide 38 cranial nerves
56
Cranial nerves are classified by primary functions * May also have important secondary functions * 6 cranial nerves associated with eye function
57
Mnemonic for Cranial Nerves
Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Heavenl

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