crime and deviance

Question 1

outline the three ways in which crime can be measured

Answer 1

-official crime statistics

-victim surveys

-self-report studies

Question 2

describe official crime statistics
(measuring C&D)

Answer 2

collected by the government, based upon crimes recorded and dealt with by the police.

+frequently updated, enables trends and patterns to be found
+reliable as collected in a scientific manner, following a standardised manner

-Lacks validity due to…
reporting, many crimes go unreported especially personal attack victims such as rape~( Johnson
~police discretion
targeting minority groups e.g. driving whilst black- townsley and Marshall
~distortion
manipulated and skewed to meet political targets

Question 3

define and evaluate the use of victim surveys to uncover crimes

Answer 3

a standardised questionnaire which trained researchers use to ask a sample of respondents about their experiences as victims of crime

+uncovers hidden crime
+some of the surveys use qualitative data so are valid
+useful for identifying social groups most at risk for crime

-lack of representability and generalisablitiy as it relies on small samples
-lacks validity as relies on people accurately recalling crimes

Question 4

describe and evaluate the use of self-report studies to measure C&D

Answer 4

a standardised list of minor criminal offences that is given to a large sample of young people who are asked to tick the ones they have committed.

+most effective way to find out about victimless crimes
+challenges validity

Question 5

describe global crime

Answer 5

global crime is illegal activities which are pursued by organsised groups which cross national borders and exploit global interconnectedness.

Question 6

give concepts associating with global crime

Answer 6

glocalisation (castells)
web of profits (mguire)
cyborg identity (Haraway)

Question 7

define green crime

Answer 7

cried which affects the environment
whether its primary, (directly harms the environment) or secondary, (making money out of this exploitations) -(south)

Question 8

describe white collar crime

Answer 8

absusing positions of power of authority for financial gain and cover up negligence behaviour.

Question 8

give concepts associating with green crime

Answer 8

zemionlogy- (white)
Iresponsible capitalist ideology-(White)
international laws - anthropology vs eccentric approach (white)

Question 9

give concepts for white collar crime

Answer 9

law making (box)
media ownership (Jenkins)
selective enforcement (Chambliss)
negotiating the justice system (cicourel)

Question 10

define interactionalist explanations for crime
(concepts)

Answer 10

labelling theory (Becker)
subterranean values (matza)
primary and secondary deviance (lemert)
disintegrative and retributive shaming (Braithwaite)

Question 11

define subcultural explanations for crime
(concepts)

Answer 11

status frustration (Cohen)
Paradox of inclusions and drug dealers (Nightingale and bourgeois)

Question 12

give functionalists explanations for crime

Answer 12

functions of crime (Durkheim)
-boundary maintenance
-collective sentiments
-anomie
-positive social change
-safety valve (Davis)

Question 13

give new right explanations for crime

Answer 13

strain theory (merton)
underclass (murray)
absent fathers (sewell)

Question 14

explain right realist explanations for crime

Answer 14

broken windows and urban decay (wilson and kelling)
biological element (wilson and heinstein)

Question 15

give left realist explanations of crime

Answer 15

relative deprivation and margenilisation ( lee and young)

individualism (young)

Question 16

give marxist explanations of crime

Answer 16

selective enforcement (Chambliss)

crime is crimogenic (gordon)

law making (box)

media ownership (Jenkins)

high status criminals (goldstraw-white)

Question 17

give feminist reasons as to why women commit less crime than males

Answer 17

-chivalry thesis (pollack)

-sex role theory (parsons)

-patriarchal terrorism and toxic masculinity (Johnson and Mac an Gail)

-social controls (heidenson)

-crisis in masculinity (Mac an grail)

Question 18

why is female crime on the rise

Answer 18

ladette culture (Jackson)

feminisation of poverty (Chesney-lind)

-genderquake (Wilkinson)

Question 19

give concepts associating ethnicity with crime

Answer 19

-racial profilling (DWB- townsley and Marshall)
-canteen culture- wadding ham
-military style policing hall

-role of the courts (hood)

Question 20

what are the right wing solutions of crime

Answer 20

-defensible space (Newman)
-target hardening (Marsland)
-zero- tolerance policing (Wilson and celling )

Question 21

what are the left wing solutions to crime

Answer 21

-shaming (Braithwaite)

-multi agency working (lee and young)

-improving police relations (lee and young)

-univeristy of crime (Matthews)