globalisation Flashcards
(13 cards)
Define ‘globalisation’.
Globalisation is the process in which events in one part of the world come to influence other parts of the world.
The world becomes increasingly interconnected.
Political ideas such as democracy and equality are now spread around the world.
Fashion trends are shared.
‘Space Time compression’- Martell
(geographical distance and time do not matter anymore)
‘Global village’- Mcluhan
(national boundaries are less important now)
What are problems with defining ‘globalisation’?
•Western ideas often over rule, so Westernisation and Americanisation occurs, not Globalisation.
•Digital divides
•Cultural homogenisation (Hall)- cultural sameness
What are the key concepts associated with ‘Developments of digital forms of communication’?
Digital revolution-rapid advances in technology, led to development of new media ( bbc, iplayer), extension to existing media, and new platforms (tiktok)
Media convergence- coming together
technological, economical and cultural
Social media- participation culture which enables a community to interact and collaborate (facebook, youtube, blogging)
Social networks- connections people have with each other. (Linked in)
Virtual communities- Individuals can participate in an online world which may not reflect there real lives. (cybercity- Carter)
Big data- large sets of data that can be analysed to reveal patterns and trends, e.g. buying and selling habits (amazon)
What is the ‘marxist’ view on Globalisation?
•Benefits the ruling class at the expense of the working class.
-‘False class consciousness’-Chomsky
(social media such as tiktok reinforce false class consciousness as they focus on non critical issues instead of protest and injustice. Social media acts as a distraction)
-‘Dumbed Down Form of entertainment’-Mertens and D’Haenens
(social media has no real threat to capitalism, it occupy and controls the behaviour of the masses)
-‘Cultural imperialism’- Seabrook
(Western world dominates the industry, therefore imposed their values onto the rest of the world. This changes diversity into homogenisation)
Criticisms:
Empowerment- Bates
Citizen Journalism-Casttles
Explain the feminist views on ‘globalisation’
Reinforcing inequality’s-
‘Exploitation’ (Huges)- A new platform for women to be controlled and exploited on. Oppression of women can easily occur leading to them being groomed
-‘Gendered Cyberhate’- Jane
women can be subject to sexism and violence online
-‘Digital cohersive control’ (Harris)
absue now can be online whereby offenders use the internet to stalk, track and control behaviour
Challenging inequality:
‘Empowerment’-Bates
Metoo
‘Cyborg Identity’- Haraway
Women do not have to show gender online,allowing them to transcend the oppressed the identity of women
Explain Postmodern View on ‘Globalistion’
-‘Ongoing Autobiography’-Hart
individuals are constantly changing their profile online, in order to create the best version of themselves.
-‘Prosumers’- Ritzer and Jurgenson
People now consumer and produce media, we can easily create media as well as consume it.
-citizen journalism (Castells)
people can now share stories and experience each other.
Supermarket of style (Pollhemus)
an individual can now pick and mix aspects of their identities
-muted voice (Jurgenson)
social media can be used for disempowered people.
Criticisms:
Pendulum of Power- Joyce
Protesters do not hold power for long. Power swings from protesters to government with the government holding extreme control.
-Exploitation- Huges
Surveillance is invasive, controlling society.
Explain the impacts of Digital forms of communication on identity.
Positive:
*Ongoing autobiography and Better version- Hart and Turkle
(status such as social class is less important. People can choose their identity. People can create media of their lives in return for approval. Also, the media allows people to expose the best versions of themselves)
-Cyborg identity (Haraway)
people can transcend an oppressed identity due to anonymity
*Empowement- Bates and Cochrane
(Women can use the media to ensure their voices are no longer muted, Everyday sexism project, Me too movement)
Negative:
*Digital Trail- Case and Ellison
(Whatever a person posts stays online. Anything controversial said may affect their future, as it creates a digital trail)
*Gendered Cyberhate- Jane
Women may face hatred online, sexist comments and face online trafficking.
What are Digital divide: Age concepts?
*Silver Surfers (Berry)
(Older generations use forms of communication more frequently, using it for shopping etc)
*Digital generation Divide (Boyle)
There’s a divide between young people and old.
-Digital natives vs digital immigrants (Prensky)
natural to younger people but not natural to older people
-screen rich bedroom culture (Chambers)
children spend leisure time now in their bedrooms creating tension between parents.
-toxic childhood (Palmer)
overexposed to graphic things and inappropriate content online.
What are digital divide ‘social class’?
*’Digital underclass’- Helpser
(dominated by middle class, as they can afford the most recent technology, lower classes are unable to afford this, therefore are less likely to see what happens online and be undereducated)
*’Social ties and connections’- Bourdieu and Granovetter
(Upper and middle classes use media incorporation’s to expand connections on linked in etc)
-dumbed down form of entertainment (Martens and d’hertens)
What are digital divide-‘Gender’?
•’Gendered Cyberhate’- Jane
(The growth of digital technology has caused a increase of threatening and abusive language toward females- growth of pornography websites, Sex trafficking)
•’Empowerment’-Bates
(Everyday sexism project)
•Devaluing women-‘Slimnlondess and the male gaze’- Mcrobbie and Mulvey
(projects stereotypes onto women)
What are the impacts of communication on relationships?
Positive:
*’Instantaneous communication’-Gardner and Davis
(Digital forms of communication has allowed for geographical barriers and time barriers to not matter, and we can communicate instantly.)
*’Maintaining Friendships’- Gardener and Davis
(We can use media to stay in touch with friends despite geographical distance)
Negative:
* ‘Alone together’- Turkle
(We may be physically with our friends but all sat on mobile devices)
*’Quality of relationships’-Turkle
(People claim to have lots of friends, as they have lots of friends online, but actually have very weak ties to them. Many people have very few real friends)
Explain the impact of digital communication on culture: SOCIAL CHANGE.
FOR:
-‘Digital clickism/activism’- Castells
(new ways of protesting, utilising developments to promote social change, e.g. online petitions and hashtags-Up skirting and Greta Thunberg)
-empowerment (Cochrane) and everyday sexism project (Bates)
-muted voice (jurgenson)
AGAINST:
-‘Pendulum of Power’-Joyce
(Power swings from protesters to government, always ending with the government. Digital activism may take off, but government takes back control)
a hashtag is not a movement (lee)
cultural imperialism (sea brook)
Explain the impact of digital forms of communication on Culture.
Cultural Homogenisation:
(cultural sameness)
•’Global Village’-Mcluhan
•’Cultural imperialism’ Seabrook
(western county’s rule so put there values onto the world)
•’Secularisation’-Bruce
(less religious, more scientific)
Cultural Hybridity:
(Mixing and merging of cultures)
•’Glocalisation’-Martells
-Mcdonald uses Halal meat in india
-Bollywood, minting hindu culture with hollywood.
Cultural Defence/ Resistance:
•’Digital Jesus’-Howard
(christian’s use media to spread religious traditional views)
•’Access to digital media controlled by state’
(Great firewall of china- does not allow western ideas)
