culture and identity Flashcards
(56 cards)
Define ‘culture’
The way of life from a society or a group. Influencing their behaviour, beliefs, music, art, fashion etc.
Define ‘norms’
Expected patterns of behaviour based of the values of a culture.
Define ‘values’
Beliefs and ideas that a culture see as important. These are accepted by the majority of the society, but are culturally relative and fluid
Define ‘status’
The prestige or social standing attached to a particular role. This can be ascribed (king) or achieved (harry styles)
define ‘subculture’
a group within society which share different norma and values from the rest of society. This may be through behaviour, dress or music.
E.g. Goths, Skinheads
Define ‘customs’
A historical tradition which comes with a culture
e.g. 4th of July, ramadan, Christmas
define ‘cultural hybridity’
Mixing or merging of two or more cultures.
e.g. White wannabes, Brasians
define ‘cultural diversity’
the cultural/ethnic differences found within society.
e.g. Sexual, social class, language.
intercultural diversity- multiple cultures within a society
intracultural diveristy- the variations which exist in a singular culture, rather than just society.
Define and give examples of ‘Popular culture’
-the activities enjoyed by the majority of the population. Popular culture often relates to the product of mass media, such as listening to pop music (Taylor Swift) watching television (Downtown abbey, love island)
-Seen as inferior to high culture.
-seen as superficial, only showing celebrities and encourages consumer culture.
key concepts-
-Media Saturated society (Strinati)
There is now masses choice of cultural products available due to the media. No longer a clear cut between those of high class, and those of low classes media is available to everyone.
-Dumbed down form of entertainment (Martens and D’hergens)
Does promote intellectualness, allows social control, used to occupy the masses.
Define and give examples of ‘Consumer culture’
People now buy material goods as a way to craft an identity and acquire status from others.
-shopping has now become a hobby
-the media shows celebrities over- consuming, which causes the masses to believe that this is normal.
-dept is normalised, products just put on credit card bills.
key concept-
Bullimic society (young)
everyone feels the pressure to over consume.
define and give examples of high culture.
Products and practices which are associated with being intellectual and aesthetically superior.
-practices such as equestrianism, hunting, ballet, private schooling
-also associated with intermarriage.
main concepts-
Social closure (mackintosh and mooney)
the culture is not available to just be enjoyed by anyone, its hidden and shut from society
define and give examples of global culture.
A culture which is no longer distinct to different cultures, and shared and followed around the world.
-dominated by global brands. (television shows, film and music, global celebrity culture)
key concepts-
global village-(Mculan )
the world has become a smaller place as a result.
what is primary socialisation?
The first stage of socialisation a child will go through during infancy and childhood. Children learn basic patterns of behaviour, language skills, from their family
what is the functionalist view point of primary socialisation?
Parsons- Personality factory
parents will produce children that fit with social expectations of a society.
women are expressive, responsible for nurturing a child
what is the new-right view point of primary socialisation?
socialisation has become less effective due to the rising divorce rates and lone parent families
(Absent fathers-Sewell)
what is the marxist view point of primary socialisation?
Zarestky- Props up Capitalism
socialisation props up capitalistic ideas, such as obediences and always respecting authority.
Individuals may be prone to exploitation as a result.
what is the feminist view point/ concepts of primary socialisation?
Oakley- Gender role socialisation
Parents act as a role model for children, as children imitate behaviours from them.
Cannilisation and Manipulation
giving certain gendered toys to show gender sterotypes
Modelling
The way roles are shown influence gender identity
mums doing the house work
dads doing the car work act.
what is the Postmodernist view point of primary socialisation?
Seidler- Double Idenities
Argues that girls in an Asian Background are adopting double identity’s, complying with their parents in private, but acting out in public.
what is the subcultualist view point of primary socialisation?
Two-way process-
adults also learn from their children ideas about gender.
Primary socialisation is not universal and is experienced differently due to age, class, gender, ethnicity
define ‘secondary socialisation’
Secondary socialisation begins later in childhood and continues throughout our adult lives.
Different institutions become increasingly important in a Childs life.
e.g. Peers, Media, religion, workplace
explain and give concepts as to why secondary socialisation is effected by the school
The education system is highly influential, as children have to be in education from 5-18years of age.
The Formal curriculum- academic subjects taught in schools. Tested through examinations and rewarded with qualifications.
+Functionalist such as ‘Durkheim’ value this believing the curriculum promotes motivation
The hidden curriculum (Bowels and Gintis)- the ways which routines and organisations within a school promotes conformity.
+functionalists value this, believing that it socialises people into valuer consensus
-Marxists such as ‘Bowels and Gintis’ believe that a way for the upper class to produce individuals whom don’t question authority, accept their place in society
explain and give concepts as to why secondary socialisation is effected by PEERS
-A peer group is a group of similar aged friends who all influence each other in terms of music, dress, behaviour.
Cultural comfort zones (Sewell)
we associate with those similar to us e.g. gender, age, ethnicity.
3F’s (Mac An Ghail)
A trend within male groups -football,fighting,fucking
boys align with toxic masculinity. Those who are academic are victimised.
Double standards (Lees)
Double standards are put onto male and females sexual behaviour. Women are called slags, whilts men are praised for their sexual conquests.
explain and give concepts as to why secondary socialisation is effected by the WORKPLACE
-the workplace is where adults spend most of their time. Individuals learn a new set of practices through the course of workplace. They may have a dress code, use negative sanctions and have employee of the month.
Canteen culture (Waddington)
Norms and values within a workplace we will be socialised to accept. For example, in many police forces, racist banter and jokes are accepted
Social Glue (Suzman)
Work is the social glue that holds society together.
It determines our social standing, our friends, our skill set.
explain and give concepts as to why secondary socialisation is effected by RELIGION
Until mid-20th century, religion has been an important agent of social control, as it sets out strict values e.g. homosexuality is wrong.
Secularisation (Bruce)
the decline of religion, which is occurring in modern society
Pakistanis&Bangladesh’s vs white viewpoint (Modood and Berthoud)
67% of those ethnic background believe that religion is still important compared to 5% white youths
