Crime & Deviance Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
Crime
A
Usually assoc w/ behav that breaks the formal written laws of a given Soc
punishment of crime likely to = m serious than punishment of deviance
Dif crimes & dif laws treated dif
2
Q
Deviance
A
To move away from a set of standards in Soc = m gen than crime & often not controlled legally
Not always negative = behav that violates standard of conduct / expectations of a group / soc - Wickman (1991)
3
Q
Examples of Crime & Deviance
A
Speeding = crime
Murder = crime & deviant
4
Q
Crime & Deviance = Socially Constructed
A
Both = cul determined - what crime is varies less than what = deviant
Foucault wrote about how the definitions of crim dev, sexual dev & madness have changed throughout history eg 100 yrs ago = dev for women to wear trousers - changes w/ time & place as norms & Soc expectations change
5
Q
Plummer (1979)
A
The same act can be dev/ not depending on situ
What is dev for groups = conformity for others - sub culs have dif norms to mainstream Soc
6
Q
Societal Deviance
A
Means acts which are seen as dev by most of Soc in most situs
Eg swearing at auth figures- head master, random acts of extreme violence, child abuse
7
Q
Situational Deviance
A
Means acts can be dev / normal depending on circumstances
Eg being naked ok at home not on high street, bikini ok at beach not at work
8
Q
Durkheim
A
Crime is func & necessary - would still be crime & deviance in Soc of saints
Reinforces value consensus via policing margins the formal & informal sanctions used to reward / punish those who dev - shared disapproval of behav strengthens social solidarity
Crime maintains boundaries - what is acceptable made known by arrest of others
Leads to social change organic process started where Soc responds positively to dev behav - becomes normal eg changes to law on homo in 20th C
Safety valve - Davies said dev acts as SV eg prostitution as a release for male sexual tension
Too much / little too high control reduces positive dev inc isolation & priv nature of mod Soc inc dev
In periods of rapid change = m dev - conscience = weakened sense of anomie
9
Q
Durkheim A03
A
Doesn’t quantify how much enough crime is
Macro approach ignores indu impact doesn’t say why some m likely to commit crime
Doesn’t always promote solidarity - can lead to isolation
Assumes ppl follow the masses
Ignores concept of power - who makes laws - Marxism
10
Q
Realist Criticism of Durkheim
A
Criticise idea that crime = normal & func
Crime = v real problem for victims & that the socio of crime should inform policy makers how to prevent crime
11
Q
Marxist Criticism of Durkheim
A
Argue doesn’t consider where consensus comes from & in whose interests it exists - laws made by state & are usually in interest of ruling class - instead of = value consensus in interests of Soc = ideology / hegemony in interests of cap
12
Q
Merton’s Strain Theory
A
Everyone = socialised to achieve American Dream - consensus that success and material wealth should = goals but equal access to theses goals doesn’t exist = strain between Soc encour goals & Soc acceptable means of achieving them
Ppl socialised to believing that to achieve had to work hard = meritocracy - ppl made adaptations
13
Q
Conformity
Adaptations
A
Mems of Soc conform success & goals & normative means of reaching them - strive via accepted channels
14
Q
Innovation
Adaptations
A
Reject normative means of achievement turn to dev means in particular crime
15
Q
Ritualism
Adaptations
A
= dev - largely abandon commonly held success goals
16
Q
Retreatism
Adaptations
A
Applies to psychotics, autists, pariahs, outcasts, vagrants, vagabonds, tramps, drunks & drug addicts - have strongly internalised both cul goals & institutionalised means yet = unable to achieve success so give up
17
Q
Rebellion
Adaptations
A
Rejection of success goals & institutionalised means = replaced by dif goals & means eg Marx
18
Q
Merton A03
A
Deterministic
Takes crime stats at face value
Assumes goal & value consensus
Only talks about utilitarian crimes for monetary gain
Ignores group delinquency
19
Q
Positive Evaluation Merton
A
Explains anomie in a detailed way = product of strain between Soc accepted goals & Soc accepted means of achieving them
Based on 20 C US but is transferrable to any western, developed capitalist country
20
Q
Marxist Criticism of Merton
A
Doesn’t consider the source of social goals or whose interests Soc is socialised into believing - Ms view it as bourgeois ideology in the interests of cap - money so can purchase consumer goods - best way to achieve by working hard - serves interests of bour not value consensus
21
Q
Merton ignores non-utilitarian crimes
A
Doesn’t explain crimes w/ no financial benefit other than drug abuse
AD wouldn’t encourage fighting / vandalism
22
Q
Hirschi Bonds of Attachment (1969)
A
= 4 BofA that keep ppl linked to value consensus & ensure social control & order
Means those who don’t have family attachments, work commitments, get involved in school / have a clear moral code - someone marginalised & young
23
Q
Attachment.
A
How much do we care about what others think?
Might particularly care what spouse / children think
24
Q
Commitment
Bonds of Attachment
A
What have we got to lose?
Eg job - committing crime puts a lot at risk
25
Involvement
How involved are we w/ Soc - what takes up our time? If we work are we involved in group hobbies etc would we have time to commit crime?
26
Belief
To what extent do we believe following the law is the right thing to do?
How strong is our personal moral code?
27
Hirschi Positive A03
Asks what stops ppl offending - an absence of the bonds of attachment = suggested reason for crime = useful intros ideas of how to prevent crime & achieve Soc order - has influ policy makers - are interested in how can promote attachment can be encouraged and dev reduced
28
Hirschi Negative A03
Doesn’t address why some ppl have secure bonds of attachment & why others = marginalised - Ms & Fems would say is no value consensus which benefits all mems of Soc - Soc is chara by conflict
Cap produces detached marginalised indus delib as it creates an unemployed reserve army of labour who help the bour keep wages down
29
Status Frustration - The Delinquent Sub Culture
Cohen argued Merton had 2 flaws:
Delinq = col not indu response - M saw indus as responding to class position C says joining together in col response
Cul deprivation accounts for lack of edu success of WC mems = stuck at bottom w/ few avenues to success
Also doesn’t account for non utilitarian crime WC boys suffer status frust - want to be successful but lack quals & skills - reject Soc & create own norms & values in a gang = active non utilitarian crime
Values tend to be the reverse of mainstream values
30
Supporting Cohen
Successfully develops strain theory to provide explanation for non utilitarian crime therefore together provide a func explanation for wide range of deviant behaviour
31
Cohen Ignores Gender & Class
Specifically says it is linked to WC boys but makes v few links to class / gender - why do WC boys struggle to attain status at school in mainstream soc - Paul Willis addresses but C doesn’t
Why boys if it bc of frustration at low status many fems would argue that in 1950s US girls would be the ones you would expect to create sub culs - cohen doesn’t explain whole situation
32
Criticism of Cohen
His suggestion that mems of delinquent sub culs consciously invert N’s & V’s of mainstream = criticised
When someone decides to smash a bus shelter it seems unlikely they conciously think mainstream soc would view this as unacceptable
Post - mod socios like Lyng & Katz argue indu m influ by boredom - seeking a buzz - however could be argued delinqs can = concious of how dev acts might provide access to rewards & status w/in group
33
Cloward & Ohlin
accept most of Merton's views - argue failed to explain dif forms of dev takes
argues M only explained by legit oppur struc - didn't consid illegit oppur struc - access to illegit means to success varies too
in WC = greater pressure on mems of WC to dev bc have less oppur to suceed by legit means
34
Criminal Sub Cultures
tend to emerge in areas where = established pattern of org adult crime = learning environ for young - exposed to crim skills & dev values = crim role models - mainly concerned w/ utilitarian crime
35
Conflict Sub Cultures
gangs organised by young ppl often based on claiming territory from other gangs = turf war
36
Retreatist Sub Cultures
org around drug use bc have failed to suceed in both the legit & illegit strucs - have failed in conflict & crim sub culs so retreat to own sub culture
37
C&O Evaluation
only looks at WC crime & crims
sub culs = distinct & sep
Matza - sub culs membership = temp
WC ppl have own sep sub cul w/ own values & indepen of mainstrean - Miller
38
Focal Concerns
Miller
WC have dif set of values / FCs - include hyper masc - can lead to crim behav seeming normal
39
Miller Evaluation
not all WC = crims
Matza sub cul membership = short lived
40
A Crimogenic Society
crime = inbuilt & natural part of soc - emph econ self interest, greed, personal gain, - looking after others X priority
relative poverty means some struggle to survive / excluded from consumer society- encour crimes like theft, vandalism & violence bc perps = excluded
41
Gordon 1971
| A Crimogenic Society
soc shouldn't be surprised at WC crime rate = surprised there isn't more
42
Selective Law Enforcement
| Marxism
CJS applies law dif to dif soc groups
WC & ethnic mins = criminalised rich = ignored
43
Reiman (2001)
| Selective Law Enforcement
ruling class m likely to commit crime but less likely to have the offence treated as a criminal one
44
Selective Law Enforcement Example
social security fraud = committed by poor & almost always leads to prosec - tax evasion doesn't
45
Selective Law Making
law reflects the interests of the ruling class
**Box** argues the rich often engage in activities that cause death, injury, fraud but these activities = protected under law - health & safety law - what is defined as crime - ideologically constructed - serious crime = property crime = WC X envrion damage by corps
46
Chambliss
| Selective Law Making
law shaped to protect property & profs of rich & powerful - argues the rich & powerful = part of a crime syndicate
47
Snider (1991)
| Selective Law Making
argues cap states will pass H&S laws / against pollution & other laws reg priv businesses only when forced by public crisis - will weaken them whenever can - don't want to effect profitability - will impact donations
48
Ideological Funcs of Crime
ideological funcs of crime are to give a reason for the social control by the ruling class to prevent rev from occurring - crims portrayed as disturbed rather than reveal the role of cap
49
Pearce
| Ideological Funcs of Crime
laws are occasionally passed which on the surface look like they are able to benefit the WC but they still benefit RC through loop holes & lack of prosecution
2007 corp homicide law - in 1st 8 yrs only 1 successful pros
50
Ignores other causes of crime
M focuses on class inequalities & ignores others that can lead to crime eg gender & ethnicity - also completely ignores other causes outside of inequality
51
Passive WC / Romanticises Criminals
suggests the WC can't help but commit crime due to economic circumstances
says crims not to blame = soc that causes behav
52
Crime in Communist States
if crime was a symptom of cap then com states would = crime free - not in russia & cuba
53
Ignores Victims
m of the victims are poor & WC if M view = true then RC = vics
54
Law Makers in mod democs = elected
= elected & include a range of interests - m crim laws are not controversial & = no consensus regarding greater good
55
Dhaka Bangladesh
death toll 1129 - cracks day b4 ordered to work 2 yrs later only 8/3425 had done repairs
56
Neo Marxism
socios who have been influ by M but recog = issues - seek to combo M w/ interactionist appraoches as believe relies too heavily on belief that Law & Law Enf = too bour to suppress WC
57
Neo Marxism Evaluation
useful explan of rela between crime & cap soc
ignores rela between non class inequals - gender & ethnicity
too deterministic - not all poor = crims
not all cap states have high crime rates - swit
justice system does sometimes act against cap class
58
Neo Marxism V Marxism
agree on:
1. soc based on exploitation
2. law = made & enforced for Bour ben
3. getting rid of cap would greatly reduce if not eradicate crime
59
Taylor Walton & Young
full soc theory of crime - combo trad m & interactionism / labelling
crime as volunteerist - free will, concious choice, meaningful action, pol motivated not passive puppet
60
Crime as Political Act
stress crime = delib & concious act w/ pol motives so womens lib etc = example of ppl fighting back against injustice of cap - vandalism = symbolic attack on socs obsession w/ property - banksy
61
wider origins of dev act
| full soc theory applied by hull 1978
1970s period of crisis in Brit - result of internat downturn of cap econ
62
immediate origin of dev act
this turmoil shown in a number of inner city riots conflict in NI & inc level of strikes - gov search for group to scapegoat to draw attention away from crisis
63
act itself
mugging according to police - m likely to be carried out by African - Car backgrounds
64
Immediate origins of social reaction
media outrage at extent of muggings linked to racism in Met Police
65
wider origins of social reaction
need to find scapegoat & case which young men from A-C backgrounds could = blamed
66
effects of labelling
a sense of injustice amoungst ethnic mins against the police led to much hostility between them & further arrests
67
the nature of the dev process as a whole
real cause of crime not addressed = hidden by CJS
68
Hirst 1975
| Evaluation of Taylor et al 1973
critical criminology strayed too far frim trad M
69
Rock 1988
| Evaluation of Taylor et al 1973
romantic view of crime & criminals - robin hoods
70
Evaluation of Taylor et al 1973
difficult to apply to theory so = m model than approach - Hull = closest
doesn't explain all types of crime - DV
fem criticism = gender blind
71
Marxist Sub Cultures
centre for contemp cul studies - youth sub culs develop as a for of resistance to cap inequals
Cohen 1972 - skinheads asserting WC masc
Hebdige 1979 - resist through ritual - sub culs quickly = comercialised
72
Marxist Sub Cultures Evalutation
underestimates the extent to which youth sub culs are influ by consumerism
73
Cohen
| Marxist Sub Cultures Evalutation
methodological problems - biased view points to prove points
74
Blackman 1995
ignores sub culture variations based on sexual iden, age & location
75
Thornton 1995
Youth sub culs = creation of media
76
Labelling Theory
interactionist approach
crime = soc construc - dif in dif countries - homosexuality - illegal in Saudi Arabia - not in UK - dif overtime - decrim in 1968 in UK
77
Interactionist Theory
reject official crime stats & structural causal explans of C&D - look at it as socially constructed - favour in depth qualitative approaches eg informal interviews
78
Bartlett (2015)
m ppl commit dev acts than = caught
Bartlett (2015) 2000 ppl asked on av broke law 17x a yr 63% admitted speeding, 33% stealing, 25% illegal drug use
79
Howard Becker
what = classed as C/D based on subj decisions by moral entrepreneurs = agents of soc control while decide what behavs = dev
how soc responds to dev depends of whether act / person = publicly labelled as dev
eg having children out of marriage wasn't a crime but = dev
80
Moral Entrepreneurs
ppl who decide what is morally acceptable w/in soc
ruling class, gov, law makers
81
Examples of Relative Deviance / Rule Creation
Marijuana Tax Act 1930s
Prohibition 1920s
Decrim Homosexuality USA 1974
82
Labelling
occurs when:
* charas = applied to indus on basis of descrip, names / labels
* draw on common stereotypes
* usually negative - behav interp negatively
* may become public knowledge
* for variety of reasons labelled person then lives up to label
83
Symbolic Interactionism
argues that:
* soc world consists of symbols that = cul defined meaning & suggest approp ways to act
* everytime 2/m ppl interact they amend their behav
* your self / self concept influs the way you interact w/ others
84
Selective Enforcement
Cicourel (1974)
police sterotypes will determine labels of C&D
m likely applied to WC X MC
85
Cicourel (1974)
law makers use subj & stereotypical assumps - means official stats = soc contruc
rates of delinq inc in WC areas than MC areas - police view MC areas/parents as m supportive - provide 'good backgrounds'
temp lapse when = MC crime
Cicourel said we need to look at choices made by police when dealing w/ MC & WC crime
86
Lemert - Primary Deviance
a person commits an act they know = D/C but no one else knows so no label
87
Lemert - Secondary Deviance
the deviant act = witnessed & label = attached
88
Self Fulfilling Prophecy
| Consequences of Labelling
once labelled as dev person takes on label & begin to act that way
89
Deviancy Amplification
| Consequences of Labelling
attempt to control dev leads to inc amounts of that dev
eg Cohen's Mods & Rockers & Jock Young's study of Cannabis smokers in Notting Hill
90
Master Status
| Consequences of Labelling
when indu = iden by particular aspect of themselves eg being crim - impacts how are treated w/in soc - can lead to dev / crim career as label prevents access to legit means of achieving social goals
91
Strengths of Labelling Theory
emphasises social construction of crime & dev
idens & reveals role of powerful C & D
shows how dev careers can be estab
92
Limitations of Labelling Theory
dev becomes the victime & therefore not to blame for their behav
deterministic
doesn't explain why ppl commit original dev
doesn't explain where stereotypes come from
93
Right Realist views on crime
realists focus on evidence provided by official stats - focus on causes of crime - results = influ in crime prevention
94
LR v RR
both see crime as real problem that needs solu - come from dif ends of pol spectrum
RR - blame indu - no self control
LR - struc inequals & relative deprivation
RR - solu = order & control LR - democratic policing & reforms for equality
95
Right Realism
sees crime as issue which destroys communs & undermines soc cohesion = influ UK & USA
crit other theories for not providing prac solus - see them as too sympathetic to crim & hostile to forces of law
focused on realistic solus / cause
96
Biological Differences
| Causes of Crime: Right Realists
Wilson & Herrnstein (1980) biosocial theory of crime = combo of bio & soc factors
bio difs make some m predisposed to crime - agres, extroversion & risk taking - linked w/ poor soc leads to crim behav
Herrnstein & Murray (1994) main cause = low IQ = bio deter
97
Socialisation & the Underclass
| Causes of Crime: Right Realists
Murray (1990) crime inc due to inc in underclass who = defined by dev behav & fail to soc children properly
underclass inc in UK & USA due to cul of welfare depen
dec in marriage dec respon for fam - no need to work
98
Lone Parent Mothers
| Causes of Crime: Right Realists: Murray
ineffective agents of soc - esp for boys
99
Absent Fathers
| Causes of Crime: Right Realists: Murray
lack of paren discipline & male role model so turn to delinquent role models to gain status through crime
100
Bennet, Dilulio & Walters (1996)
| Causes of Crime: Right Realists:
crime = result of 'growing up surrounded by dev & crim adults ... designed to produce vicous & pred street crims'
101
Underclass threatens social cohesion
| Causes of Crime: Right Realists: Murray
undermines values of hard work & personal respon
102
Rational Choice Theory
| Causes of Crime: Right Realists
indus have free will & power of reason
Ron Clarke (1980) commiting crime = choice based on rational calc of consequences - if rewards outweigh risk then m likely to offend
RR cost of crime = percieved low - why crime rate = high
103
Tackling Crime
| Right Realists
RR don't deal w/ cause believe can't be changed
seek prac measures to make crime less attractive
focus = control, containment, & punishment rather than elimination underlying issue
104
Example: Broken Windows
Wilson & Kelling (1982) - essen to maintain local areas to prevent crime - any sign of deterioration m be dealt w/ immediately
advocate 0 tol to undes behav eg prositution, begging, drunkness
role of police should focus on controlling streets so law abiding cits = safe
crime preventing methods should dec rewards of crime inc costs
target hardening inc use of prison sentencing & swift pun to maxi deterrent
105
Evaluation
ignores wider structure causes - pov
overstates cost/ bens calcs - does this explain violent crime?
views crime as rational conflicts w/ bio social theories
preocc w/ street crimes - ignores corp crime
0 tol may give police freedom to discrim - ethnic mins, youth
results in displacement of crime
106
Left Realism
create practical solus to growing crime rates
to reduce RR influ on gov pol
107
Taking Crime Seriously
| Left Realism
central idea - crime = real problem - disadvan groups = main vics
accuse other theorists of not taking crime seriously
108
Young (1977)
crisis in explan - denial that inc = real - reporting has inc X crime = soc construc X reality
LR say inc = too great to explain this way - m ppl reporting as m crime is happening
109
Relative Deprivation
| LR Causes of Crime
how some feel dep in rela to others comp to own expecs
paradox - m prosperous today = m crime ridden - aware through media raises expec for material goods
Young (1999) - 'the lethal combo is rela dep & individualism' causes crime by pursuit of self interest at expense of others
inc indu causes disintergration of fams & communs by undermining values of mutual support - weakens informal controls - creates spiral of inc crime
110
Subculture
LR subcul = groups col solu to rela dep
crim sub culs subscribe to goals of soc - where legit avenues = blocked - these groups result to crime
111
Marginalisation
lack clear goals & orgs to rep their interests
unemployed = marginalised - no goals / orgs just frust & resentment - express through crim means - violence X pol means
112
Policing & Control
Kinsey Lea & Young (1986) - police clear up rates = too low to act as deterrent - spend too little time investigating crime
police depend on public to provide info (90% reported by public) - police losing sup in innner cities & EM & young - must be m accountable to local communs = improve commun relas & changing priorities - over policing drug crime under policing racial crime
113
Structural Causes
cause = unequal soc struc
must deal w/ inequal oppur, discrim, & provide decent jobs, improve housing & be m tolerant of diversity
114
LR & Gov Policy
strong sims to New Labour - tough on crime & cause of crime
NL firmer approach to hate crime, sexual assualt, dom violence & introed ASBOs to protect vulnerable
new deal for unemploy youth attempts to reserve exclusion for those at greatest risk of offen
115
However
| Left Realists
young sees these pols as doomed attempts to recreate the 'golden age' of the 1950s - New Deal has not led to permenant jobs & ASBOs have become a badge of honor for disillusioned youth - address symptoms X causes
116
Evaluation Left Realists
Milocanovic (1996) - accepts gov definition of crime being street crime by poor - ignores corporate crime
interactionists - use quantitative data - can't explian motives of offens
use of sub cul theory means LR assumes = VC & crime only occurs when broken down
rela dep cannot fully explain crime as not all who exper commit crime
117
Official Statistics
for comp to discover trends
to look at police efficiency
to show where the police should concentrate resources to dec crime
to provide public w/ info about crime patterns & socios basis to explain crime
to reveal police assumps & stereotyping
118
Sources of Stats
1. police recorded crime (PRC)
2. victim Surveys
3. Self Report Studies
4. Court & Prison Records & Records on Police Causation
119
Victim Surveys
give m accurate pic than PRC - eg Crime Survey for Eng & Ws (CSEW) - face to face study
120
Self Report Surveys
anonymous questionaires eg Home Office's Offending Crime & Justice Survey - annually 2003-6
121
Court & Prison Records & Records on Police Causation
reveal some of the charas of offenders who are caught
122
1930-50
| Trends in Crime
gradual rise - end of war - soldiers = frustrated - inc standard of living - leads to relative dep
123
1950-80
| Trends in Crime
steeper rise = econ growth & soc anomie - w/ changes in the role of women & wider soc
124
1980 - mid 1990s
| Trends in Crime
rapid inc - econ recession - higher rela dep & unemploy
125
Mid 1990 - 2016
| Trends in Crime
grad annual decline - could be due to changes in reporting - new types of crime not included - cyber crime
126
The Official Crime Rate
stats collected using police, court & prison recs
127
British Crime Survey
stats collected through vic surveys & self reports - 50,000 ppl over 16 asked annually if vic of crime
VS - speak to ppl to get stats - m than just PRC
SRS - completed by prisoners in custody
128
Official Crime Statistics are a Social Construction
dif to measure
= wide agreement w/in a given culture over what constitutes a crime
= disagree w/in same cul when it comes to aspects of the term esp periphery issues
crim stats = soc construction -product of soc process
= fundemental difs between culs w/ what constitutes as a crime
129
Social Construction of Crime
m approach crime stats w/ caution
are they reliable, how can we be sure they are classified correctly, what happens if m than one crime at same time, what about validity
police officers have some discretion over crime classification
2014 = calc 1 in 5 crimes reported to police = not recorded
only 27% = detected/cleared up 2014/15
130
Maguire (2002)
estimates only 3% of all crime ends up w/ conviction
131
Functionalist View on Statistics
share view of positivists & tend to accept stats uncrit
inspired sub cul theory - started w/ view that crime = young WC & male
accept official stats at face value - see them as reliable & valid
132
Marxist View on Statistics
recog the systematic bias in fav of powerful in application of the law
as gen rule higher in soc system less likely they are to = arrested & convicted
stress sig dark side of white collar & corp cime = invisible & not in stats
show biased view = constructed by RC ignores white collar crime - suggests = WC
133
Interactionist View on Statistics
sees crime stats as largely useless & distortion of reality
argue stats = soc construc & tell nothing about real level of crime only who compiled them
see stats as soc construc & only useful for iden stereos & assumps
labelling
134
Labelling Theory View on Statistics
interested in questions - why some acts are viewed as m dev than others & why some groups = labelled dev
135
Left Realist View on Statistics
accept that official stats have some values & shouldn't be rejected
accept view that typ offen = young, male WC & dispropor Black
using vic studies highlight how ppl (esp poor & vul) have real fears of crime
stats = broadly correct but under rep white collar & corp crime exag WC crime participants by ethn min
136
Feminist View in Statistics
argue crime stats underplay the extent of females as vics - personal attack dv
until recently police viewed attacks in home as domestics & = reluctant to get involved
many female vics of physical & sexual attack = reluctant to report
stats underrepresented extent of female crimes & crimes against women - dv/rape
137
Ethinic Groups & Court Proceedings
white = 87% pop - 73% convics & av custodial sentence = 15.9 months
black = 3% - 8% convics - 23.4 months
asian = 7% - 5% convics - 22.4 months
other = 3% - 14% convics
138
Official Statistics (Police)
black ethnic groups = over rep = only 2.8% pop = 7.7% arrests 6.2% cautions 12.1% prision pop
asian = 4.7% pop but 6% of prison pop
white ppl under rep = less likely to be arrested, cautioned & sent to prison
139
Structuralist Views
they are m criminal
140
Social Constructionist Views
justice system = unfair
141
Evaluation of Gilroy
useful to see crime as active
funcs would argue = sub culs - own values that = against main stream & commit crime
m crime = intra-ethnic
142
Hall - Crisis in Hegemony & 'Black Muggers'
60s & 70s =0 hrs v poor WC - windrush = unrest between police & black coms - Hall claims caused a 'crisis in hegemony' - feelings of unrest & protest against dom of RC
media publish stories about new crime - mugging perp by Black ppl - causes moral panic & stereo - believes this = X accident = distraction from real probs - Black M = symbol of disintergration of Brit ways of life - divided WC on racial grounds op to RC = weakened
143
Evaluation of Hall
only tells us about soc construction of crime stats at that time - not why EMGs still over rep in OCS
no longer crisis in hegemony = lots of unrest & pov but now = content to do nothing - will contin to vote in system that maintains inequal
144
Arrests & Cautions
Black arrest rate = 3.5x white (2014/5) - once arrested less likely to recieve caution - perhaps due to mistrust - not admitting to offence means can't be let off w/ caution
145
Stop & Search
Black ppl 7x m likely to = stopped & Asians 3x under Terrorism Act 2000
only small proportion = arrests inc num perhaps due to
146
Prosecution & Conviction
| Stop & Search
CPS m likely to drop cases against EMs may be bc police evidence = weaker & based on stereos of EMs as crims - B&A defendants = less likely to be found guilty
147
Sentencing & Prison
| Stop & Search
custodial sentences m likely to be given in B & A offens = over rep in prison & m likely to be given longer sentences
148
Police Targeting
EMs over pol & under protected - Philips & Browning stereos focus on EMs so m likely to = s&s
Gilroy (1982) - myth of black crim
149
Police Targeting Evaluation
targeting could be caused by moral panics - black muggers 1970s therefore based on actual crime - can lead to greater EM crime & targeting
150
Locality Theory
Waddington (2004) certain areas = m densely pop w/ EMs - explains m s&s - zones of transition - crime rates inc - lack of social cohesion
151
Locality Theory Evaluation
may = 1st gen but EMs move out of ZofT & assim into maj cul in later gens
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Institutional Racism
Bowling & Phillips (2002) inc levels of robbery among B ppl could = product of labelling - arises from reg s&s = SFP
McPherson Report (1999) - result of SL murder highlighted how racist pols w/in police
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Institutional Racism Evaluation
sincs McP police have actively changed pols to deal w/ IR - recruit m EMs but crime rate not dec
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Social & Cultural Theory
Hall (1979) - moral panic
Hirschi - BofAs - Asian fams have m control over young - could explain less crime
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Social & Cultural Theory Evaluation
not lim to EMs - m explan for age difs
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Subcultures
| EMs
Lea & Young (LRs) - EMs suffer marg & rela dep - can lead to sub culs to dec marg feelings - can = dev inc crime
= 1st to acknow = m likely to = involv in street crime & X just vics of police racism
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Subcultures Evaluation
not all EMs join sub culs & X all crim in nature
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Political Protest
Gilroy - EMs esp B men feel alienated by exper of racism & what percieve racist police force - crime = protest street crime = act against w oppression - Black Panthers
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Political Protest Evaluation
doesn't account for fact = m crime = intra ethnic
funcs would argue = sub values
useful to see crime as active
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Triple Quandary
Sewell - idens risk factors - could = respon for rela high crime in young B boys
1. lack of father figure = large nums of mum led fams - look to commun for RMs = gang leaders
2. neg exper of W cul - disaffected by exper of school, policing & employer racism
3. media influ rap & hip hop cul - artist status ach - designer clothing & jewelery - construc of hyper masc based on violence & sexual conquest
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Triple Quandary Evalutation
inc pos B RMs - Obama
X causality w/ LP fams & crime
black crime tends to vic black ppl
60% B males in LP fam - could link to pov
? to blame 1 form of entertainment - rap
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Gender & Crime Official Statistics
girls & women appear to commit less crime
4/5 convicted offens = male
women m likely to = convicted of theft & property offences
men m likely violence & sexual offences
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Heidensohn (1985)
noted female crime = invisible / socios assumed female stereos
4 reasons: male dom of offens & socio, socio theorizing, vicarious identification
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Biological Theory
Lombroso - normal females have disposition that repels them from dev & crim behavs - little sup but = link between hormonal & menstrual factors
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Sex Role Theory (Socialisation)
from birth = soc that 2 sexes = dif
female = caring passive & domestic
male = tough agressive & sexual conquest
female lack values typic assoc w/ delinq - ladette changes this
even w/ sop lifting & prost argue = soc - fam provider & sexual role
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Social Control - Heidensohn
women commit less crime bc of ways = ideo controlled
1st = way soc = cemented by shared values
2nd = way bonding occurs w/in relas of fam, peer group & school
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Social Control - Pat Carlen
H - females conform bc if don't = unfem behav
PC - located class deals & gender deals - females who = m likely to commit crime = not had / rejected gender deal - in care/thrown out of home/rejected norm fam life
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Lack of Oppurtunities
= assump bc women in priv world w/ lim access to public lack op
but women occupying roles in workplace & public life
still have less op for crime - Wilkison found in Cal where women were arg equal to men engaged in sim level of White Collar crime
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Transgression
Smart (1990) - concept of transg crim - to understand crime in P-M soc transg takes us beyond boundaries of conven crimo
considers ideas as diverse as slef imposed curfews, treatment of women as vics, dv, abuse & rape
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Chivalry Factor
some argue women = m dev than appear = protected by CF by p & Cs
Allen (1987) - mental health explan (inclu PMS) for female crim results in lighter pun
Leonard (1982) - challenges 'CF' - bad women treated m harshly than some men
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Increased Female Crime
Alder (1975) womens lib inc crime - based on inc juvi crime = lib girls says reflects future crime
Smart (1979) crits seeing juvi crime as reflective of adult crime
Box - inc = poverty X gender = rela between employ of police women & recording of female violent crime - auths = sensitized = m likely to be recorded
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Messerschmidt (1993)
normative masc = highly valued - have to constantly work for - business can exert control over women in office if not then at home - dv
MC ach edu success at expense of emasculation = accom masc at school - home = oppositional masc - pranks, drinking
WC = op masc in&outside school = m agres - young b males can = sucked into prop & violent crime to enhance hegemonic masc (Connell)
rape & pimping used to exert power over women
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Agressive Masculinity
may express masc thro crim behav - fighting & football hooliganism
Campbell (1993) young men seek compen for lack of bread winner role thro agres masc - control over tech (stolen cars) public space (streets) & other (asian shop owners & women)
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Enjoyment of Deviance
Katz (1988) crimo failed to understand role of pleasure - search = meaningful when equated w/in masc stress on status control over others & success - violent crime = seductive undertaken for chaos, thrill & potential danger
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Women as Victims
sig propor of crime = against women - mainly by men & violent = sig under rep
25% sig violence = in home - 1in 4 women exper = 1 in 10 each year
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Rape
Home Office (2001) - 1 in 20 women 16-60 = raped 45% by current partner = assoc w/ male power, dom & toughness - not sexual desire
substan num of rapists only aroused after terror & degraded vic
Brownmiller (1975) rape = part of system of male intim to keep women in fear
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Domestic Violence
Stanko (2000) dv = every 6 secs in Brit
1/4 of all violent crime = doms
45-70% of cases father = violent to child & mother
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