Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Psychology > Cross-Cultural Issues - Identity Development Models > Flashcards

Cross-Cultural Issues - Identity Development Models Flashcards

(61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

Accoding to Atkinson, Morten, and Sue (1998), each stage is determined by what?

A

a minority group member’s attitudes toward their own group & the majority (dominant) group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

list the 5 stages

Cats Don’t Run In Iceland

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Dissonance
  3. Resistance & Immersion
  4. Introspection
  5. Integrative Awareness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person have positive attitudes toward dominant cultural values & a preference for majority group memberes over their own minority group

A

Stage 1: Conformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person hold conflicting attitudes toward dominant culture and their own minority group, an awareness of the affects of racism, and interest in learning more about their own culture

A

Stage 2: Dissonance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person hold positive attitudes toward their own minority group and negative attitudes toward the majority group

A

Stage 3: Resistance & Immersion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM is a person comfortable with their cultural/racial identity, but questions their loyalty to their own minority group and is concerned about 1) how their inflexible attitudes/beliefs affect their judgment of the majority group and 2) their autonomy & individiaulity

A

Stage 4: Introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

In which stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM does a person secure in their cultural identity, aware of positive & negative aspects of all cultural groups, and committed to eliminating all forms of oppression & becoming more multicultural

A

Stage 5: Integrative Awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Conformity Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • prefer therapist from majority group
  • view therapist’s attempts to explore their own culture as threatening
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Dissonance Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • may prefer therapist from majority group
  • want therapist to be familiar with their culture
  • interested in exploring their cultural identity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Resistance & Immersion Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • unlikely to seek therapy services due to suspiciousness of mental health services
  • if they do seek services, they’re likely to attribute psychological problems to racism
  • prefer a therapist from their own minority group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Introspection Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • may prefer therapist from own minority group
  • willing to consider a therapist from another group that understands their culture
  • interested in exploring their new sense of identity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (Atkinson et al., 1998)

therapist preferences & session focus of client in the Integrative Awareness Stage of Atkinson, Morten, & Sue’s R/CIM

A
  • based on similarity of attitudes
  • most interested in strategies aimed at community & societal change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

list 5 stages of development included in Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model

A
  1. Pre-Encounter
  2. Encounter
  3. Immersion - Emersion
  4. Internalization
  5. Internalization - Committment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person idealize & prefer white culture and hold negative attitudes towards their own cultural group (may view it as an obstacle & a source of stigma)

A

Stage 1: Pre-Encounter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model is a person questioning their views of Black & white culture and interested in learning about becoming more connected to their culture

A

Stage 2: Encounter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person reject white culture and become immersed in their own culture

A

Stage 3: Immersion - Emersion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model does a person have a positive Black racial identity, tolerate & respect racial/cultural differences, and become less defensive

A

Stage 4: Internalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

(Original) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)

In which stage of Cross’ (1971) original Nigrescence Model has a person developed an internalized Black racial identity and become committed to social activism to reduce all forms of oppression

A

Stage 5: Internalization - Committment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cross’ Identity Development Models

list Cross’ 3 identity development models, the author(s), & the year each model was published

A
  1. (initial) Nigrescence Model (Cross, 1971)
  2. (revised versions) Nigrescence Model - Revised (Cross, 1991)
  3. Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cross’ Identity Development Models

how do Cross’ original & revised models differ from one another

A
  • reduced the number of stages from 5 to 4
  • combined Stage 4 (Internalization) and Stage 5 (Internalization - Committment)

Second Revision
* Van & Cross reduced the number of stages from 4 to 3 & changed the name to the Black Racial Identity Development Model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)

how does Cross’ (1991) Nigrescence Model differ from Cross & Vandiver’s (2001) Black Racial Identity Development Model

A
  • the Black Racial Identity Development Model has 3 (instead of 4) stages
  • each stage includes multiple identity subtypes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Black Racial Identity Development Model (Cross & Vandiver, 2001)

list the 3 stages and associated subtypes for each stage

A

1. Pre-Encounter
* assimilation
* miseducation
* self-hatred

2. Immersion - Emersion
* intense Black involvement
* anti-white

3. Internalization
* Black nationalist
* biculturalist
* multiculturist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

list the 2 phases of identity development

A
  1. abandonment of racism
  2. defining a non-racist white identity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)

list the 3 stasuses for Phase 1: Abandonment of Racism

A
  1. Contact
  2. Disintegration
  3. Reintegration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** list the 3 statuses of Phase 2: Defining a Non-Racist White Identity
4. Pseudo - Independence 5. Immersion - Emersion 6. Autonomy
26
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** characteristics of the **Contact Stage**
* lack of awareness of racism * satisfaction with the racial status quo * limited contact with people from racial & cultural minority groups * may describe self as "colorblind"
27
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** characteristics of the **Disintegration Stage**
* increased awareness of race * race related moral conflicts * may experience confusion & anxiety *(e.g., conflict between the belief that all people are created equal VS. their unwillingness to live in an integrated neighborhood)*
28
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** characteristics of the **Reintegration Stage**
* attempt to resolve moral conflicts by accepting dominant ideology of white supremacy & minority inferiority *(e.g., may blame minority group members for their own problems)*
29
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** characteristics of the **Pseudo - Independence Stage**
* significant event makes them question their beliefs about whites & members of minority groups * superficial tolerance of minority group members & paternalistic attitudes/behaviors that perpetuate racism
30
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** characteristics of the **Immersion - Emersion Stage**
* awareness of white privilege & own racial biases * interest in combating racism *(may search for an understanding of what it means to be white & to benefit from white privilege)*
31
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** characteristics of the **Autonomy Stage**
* develop a non-racist white identity * hold positive attitudes toward & value diversity (*can explore issues related to race & racism without defensiveness)*
32
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** list the 6 stages & the associated information processing strategy
**1. Contact** * IPS: obliviousness **2. Disintegration** * IPS: suppression & ambivalence **3. Reintegration** * IPS: selective perception & negative out-group distortion **4. Pseudo - Independence** * IPS: reshaping reality & selective perception **5. Immersion - Emersion** * IPS: hypervigilence & reshaping **6. Autonomy** * IPS: flexibility & complexity
33
# **White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1995)** According to Helms, a progressive therapist-client relationship occurs when?
when the therapist has a more integrated & flexible racial identity than the client
34
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** instead of describing stages of Black racial identity development, this model proposes that a person's racial identity may vary...
across time & situations
35
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** list the 4 dimensions of racial identity
1. Racial Salience 2. Racial Centrality 3. Racial Regard 4. Racial Ideology
36
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Racial Salience Dimension**
* extent to which a person's race is a relevant part of their self-concept at a particular point in time & in a particular situation *may be more salient when witnessing or experiencing discriminatory behavior **OR** when they are the only Black person in a social setting*
37
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Racial Centrality Dimension**
* extent to which a person normatively defines themselves in terms of race & is affected by the importance of race relative to other identities the person may hold, such as gender & religion * in contrast to salience, centrality is **relatively stable across situations** *for some Black/AA women, gender may be more important than race, whereas for others the opposite may be true*
38
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Racial Regard Dimension**
* private regard - the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward Black/AA & how positively or negatively they feel about being Black/AA * pubilc regard - the extent to which a person feels others view Black/AA positively or negatively *not necessarily realted (e.g., a person may have positive private and negative public regard)*
39
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Racial Ideology Dimension**
* a person's beliefs & opinions about the ways Black/AA should live & interact with society
40
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** list the 4 racial ideologies
1. Nationalist 2. Oppressed 3. Assimilationist 4. Humanist
41
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Nationalist Ideology**
* view AA experience as unique * believe AA should control their own destinies with minimal input from other groups
42
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Oppressed Ideology**
* emphasize the similarities of oppression between Black/AA & other minority groups * interested in forming coalitions with other groups
43
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Assimilationist Ideology**
* emphasize similarities between Black/AA & the rest of American society * believe that Black/AA should work within the system to change it
44
# **Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (Sellers et al., 1998)** characteristics of the **Humanist Ideology**
* emphasize similarities of all humans * give race low centrality * more concerned with issues facing the human race *e.g., peace, poverty, & climate change*
45
# **Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)** list the 4 stages of identity development
1. Sensitization 2. Identity Confusion 3. Identity Assumption 4. Identity Commitment
46
# **Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)** characteristics of the **Sensitization Stage**
* childhood * feeling different from same-sex peers
47
# **Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)** According to Troiden's (1998) Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development, a young girl who says she's not as feminine or as pretty as other girls is most likely to be in what stage of identity development?
Sensitization
48
# **Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)** According to Troiden's (1998) Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development, a young boy who is more interested in art & reading than sports is most likely to be in what stage of identity development?
Sensitization
49
# **Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)** characteristics of the **Identity Confusion Stage**
* middle or late adolescence * feeling sexually attracted to same-sex people * suspect they're gay * uncertainty & anxiety * denial, avoidance, attempts to change (repair) * viewing homosexuality as a phase (redefinition) * acceptance
50
# **Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)** characteristics of the **Identity Assumption Stage**
* males: usually between 19 and 21 years old * females: usually between 21 and 23 years old * beginning to accept a gay identity * seek out social & sexual relationships with gays * disclose their sexual orientation to gay peers & adults * may also disclose to some heterosexual family members/friends
51
# **Model of Gay & Lesbian Identity Development (Troiden, 1998)** characteristics of the **Identity Commitment Stage**
* internalize/accept gay identity & homosexuality as a way of life * comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation to heterosexual individuals, incl. family, friends, coworkers
52
# **Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)** list 2 interacting processes
1. an individual sexual identity process 2. a social sexual identity process
53
# **Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)** list the 5 sexual identity statuses
1. Unexplored Commitment 2. Activve Exploration 3. Diffusion 4. Deepening & Commitment 5. Synthesis
54
# **Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)** characteristics of the **Unexplored Commitment** Sexual Identity Status
* a sexual identity that reflects micro- & macrosocial mandates for acceptable gender roles & sexual behavior * microsocial mandates = familial * macrosocial mandates = societal * potential avoidance of sexual self-exploration
55
# **Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)** characteristics of the **Active Exploration** Sexual Identity Status
* purposeful exploration, evaluation, or experimentation of one's sexual needs, values, orientation, * exploring preferences for activities, partner characteristics, or modes of sexual expression
56
# **Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)** characteristics of the **Diffusion** Sexual Identity Status
* an absence of active exploration & commitment *may be confused about many aspects of identtiy, not just sexual identity*
57
# **Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)** characteristics of the **Deepening & Commitment** Sexual Identity Status
* moving toward greater commitment to one's identified sexual identity *(e.g., needs, values, sexual orientation, and/or preferences for activities, partner characteristics, & modes of sexual expression)*
58
# **Multidimensional Model of Hetero Identity Dev (Worthington, 2002)** characteristics of the **Synthesis** Sexual Identity Status
* integration of one's sexual identity with other identities, such as gender, race, ethnicity)
59
# **Research: Identity Development** Konik & Stewart's (2004) study comparing heterosexual-identified & sexual-minority-identified individuals found participants' descriptions of their sexual identities differed how?
sexual-minority-identified participants described their sexual identities as **more salient** & sexual identity development as **a more effortful process** than did heterosexual-identified participants
60
# **Research: Identity Development** Konik & Stewart's (2004) study comparing heterosexual-identified & sexual-minority-identified individuals found that heterosexual-identified participants obtained (higher/lower) scores on less advanced stages of global identity development. What did this suggest?
* higher scores on less advanced stages * suggested these participants experienced identity foreclosure, moratorium, and diffusion
61
# **Research: Identity Development** Konik & Stewart's (2004) found that sexual-minority-identified individuals obtained higher scores on global identity achievement. What does this finding suggest?
developing a sexual-minority identity may facilitate the successful development of other aspects of identity, such as race/ethnicity, gender, etc.

Clinical Psychology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions