Cross-Cultural Issues - Terms & Concepts Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
Sue (2006) proposed that worldview is affected by what?
A
culture
2
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
Sue (2006) proposed that worldview can be described in terms of what 2 dimensions?
A
- locus of control
- locus of responsibility
3
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
according to Sue’s (2006) dimensions of control & responsibility, list the 4 types of people
A
- internal control - internal responsibility (IC-IR)
- internal control - external responsibility
- external control - external responsibility (EC-ER)
- external control - internal responsibility
4
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibility type believe they are in control of their own outcomes & responsible for their own successes & failures
A
internal locus of control & internal locus of responsibility
5
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibilty type believes they could determine their own outcomes if given the chance, but others are responsible for keeping them from doing so
A
internal locus of control & external locus of responsibility
6
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibility type believes they have little control of their own outcomes & are not responsible for them
A
external locus of control & an external locus of responsibility
7
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
a person with this control-responsibility type believe they have little control over their own outcomes but tend to take responsibility for their own failures
A
external locus of control & an internal locus of responsibility
8
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
which control - responsibility type is characteristic of mainstream American culture?
A
internal control - internal responsibility
9
Q
Terms & Concepts: Worldview
which control - responsibility type is likely to be most challenging for a white therapist who has an IC-IR worldview to work with? Why?
A
- internal control - external responsibility
these clients are likely:
* to view the therapist & therapy as sources of oppression
* to be reluctant to self-disclose, to want to take an active role in therapy, and to seek action & accountability from a more privileged therapist
10
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will retain own minority culture & adopt majority culture
A
Integration
11
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will reject own minority culture & adopt majority culture
A
Assimilation
12
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will retain own minority culture & reject majority culture
A
Separation
13
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
a person who has adopted this acculturation strategy will reject both own minority culture & majority culture
A
marginalization
14
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), this occurs when individuals face significant problems related to acculturation that cannot be easily or quickly resolved
A
acculturative stress
15
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), people who adopt which acculturation strategy tend to experience the least acculturative stress?
A
Integration
16
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), people who adopt which acculturation strategy tend to experience the most acculturative stress?
A
Marginalization
17
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
list 2 factors that affect the acculturation process according to Berry (1990)
A
- cultural distance
- cultural fit
18
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), a term referring to differences in the culture of an immigrant’s home country & the culture of the host country (e.g., language, core values & beliefs, government, legal system, etc.)
A
cultural distance
19
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), a term referring to the degree to which an immmigrant’s personality & other personal attribures are similar to the cultural values & norms of the host country
A
cultural fit
20
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts: Acculturation
according to Berry (1990), a large cultural distance is associated with an (increased/decreased) likelihood of experiencing acculturative stress
A
increased
21
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
list the 2 types of paranoia Ridley (2005) proposed
A
- Functional Paranoia
- Healthy Cultural Paranoia
22
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this type of paranoia is characterized by unhealthy psychological condition and involves pervasive suspicion & distrust
A
Functional Paranoia
23
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
according to Ridley (2005), an ethnic minority client who is unwilling to disclose personal information to an ethnic minority or white therapist is experiencing which type of paranoia?
A
Functional Paranoia
24
Q
Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts
this type of paranoia is characterized by suspicion & distrust as a normal reaction to prejudice & discrimination
A
Healthy Cultural Paranoia
25
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Ridley (2005), an ethnic minority client who is willing to self-disclose to an ethnic minority, but unwilling to self-disclose to a white therapist unless certain conditions are met is experiencing which type of paranoia?
Healthy Cultural Paranoia
26
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Ridley (2005), to attend to Healthy Cultural Paranoia, what conditions does a white therapist need to meet?
* **discuss** the meaning of cutural paranoia with the client
* **encourage** the client to distinguish between when it is and is NOT safe to self-disclose
27
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
this term refers to when a person accepts society's negative beliefs & stereotypes related to their own racial group
internalized racism
| aka **internalized racial oppression**
28
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
this is a form of internalized racism and involves discrimination within a racial group based primarily on skin hue or color & may also include other physical characteristics such as hair texture & eye color
| aka **color consciousness**
colorism
29
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
give an example of colorism in the U.S.
* preference for lighter skin over darker skin within a community of color
* use of skin-lightening products among people of color
30
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
this is an individualistic type of intervention aimed at helping a client gain insight into their problems **OR** change their behavior and focuses on making changes in the cient so that they can successfully adapt to the environment
autoplastic interventions
31
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
this type of intervention focuses on altering the environment or situation to fit a client's needs, desires, or other attributes (e.g., removing oneself from a stressful work environment by changing jobs)
alloplastic interventions
32
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Wrenn (1962), this is the **inability** of some mental health professionals to work effectively with members of different cultural backgrounds
cultural encapsulation
33
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Wrenn (1962), describe characteristics of a **culturally encapsulated mental health therapist**
* **insensitive** to cultural differences
* believe their own cultural assumptions **apply to all people regardless of cultural backgrounds**
34
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), this is the strength of a culture's social norms & tolerance for deviant behaviors
cultural tightness-looseness
35
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
characteristics of **tight cultures** according to Gelfand et al. (2012)
* **strong** social norms
* **low tolerance** for deviant behaviors
36
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
characteristics of **loose cultures** according to Gelfand et al. (2012)
* **weak** social norms
* **high tolerance** for deviant behaviors
37
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012) what 2 types of challenges is tightness - looseness related to?
historical **ecological & human-made** challenges
38
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), historical considerations for this type of culture include **high population density**, greater vulnerability to natural disasters & disease, and **scarcity of resources** due to a need for strong social norms & punishments for deviant behaviors to **ensure survival**
tight cultures
39
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are 3 "tightest" countries in the world?
1. Pakistan
2. Malaysia
3. India
40
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 "loosest" countries in the world?
1. Estonia
2. Hungary
3. Israel
41
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 "tightest" states in the U.S.?
1. Mississippi
2. Alabama
3. Arkansas
42
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), what are the 3 "loosest" states in the U.S.?
1. California
2. Oregon
3. Washington
43
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Gelfand et al. (2012), how do individuals in tight and loose cultures differ?
**tight cultures**
* **greater conformity** to social norms
* a tendency to engage in **risk avoidance** behaviors
* preference for **stability**
**loose cultures**
* **greater willingness** to act in ways that deviate from social norms
* greater willingness to engage in **risk-taking & innovative** behaviors
* greater **openness** to change
44
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
connections between Big 5 Personality Types & individuals in tight VS. loose cultures, according to Harrington & Gelfand (2014)
**tight cultures**
* higher conscientiousness
* lower openness to experience
**loose cultures** (opposite)
* lower conscientiousness
* higher openness to experience
45
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Verkuyten (2016), this occurs when higher-status immigrants (more educated & economically succcessful) are more likely than lower-status immigrants to report experiencing discrimination & disrespect **AND** less likely to identify with & have positive attitudes towar mainstream society
Integration Paradox
46
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
possible explanations for the **Integration Paradox** according to Schaeffer & Kas (2023)
higher-status immigrants
* have **greater access** to mainstream society
* are **more likely** to encounter discrimination
* have **more sophisticated cognitive abilities** & thus, are **more aware of discrimination** & are **more likely to interpret** their experiences in terms of discrimination
47
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Hall (1976), this type of communication relies heavily on **group understanding, nonverbal messages, &** the **context** in which the communication occurs
High-Context Communication
| ***characteristic of several cultural minority groups***
48
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Hall (1976), this type of communication **relies on verbal messages** and is **independent of context**
Low-Context Communication
## Footnote
***characteristic of white (mainstream) culture***
49
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Sue (2006), the fact that Black/AA communicate with more by high-context cues has led many to characterize them how?
* nonverbal
* inarticulate
* unintelligent
50
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
this is the tendency of people to more accurately perceive and identify the faces of individuals of their own race than the faces of individuals of other races
own-race bias (ORB)
| aka **other-race effect** & **cross-race effect**
## Footnote
researchers have identified similar **own-age** & **own-gender** biases (Wright & Stroud, 2002; Wright & Sladden, 2003)
51
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
this theory explains the increased risk for mental health problems among sexual-minority individuals (SMI) and proposes that SMI experience **chronic stressors related to stigmatization** that increase their vulnerability to mental health problems
Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003)
52
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003), this process occurs **within the person** and includes concealment, fear of rejection, & internalized heterosexism
proximal
53
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Minority Stress Theory (Meyer, 2003), this process occurs **external to the person** and includes verbal & physical harassment, prejudice, & discrimination
distal
54
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
age & gender are examples of what in some cultures
credibility
55
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
according to Sue & Zane (2009), this refers to the direct benefits that a client perceives they receive from therapy
gift giving
56
# **Cross-Cultural Terms & Concepts**
give examples of **gift giving** according to Sue & Zane (2009)
* providing **reassurance & a sense of hope**
* **normalizing feelings**
* using interventions that **reduce depression & anxiety**
57
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment**
examples of **how** a therapist might adapt interventions to be culturally appropriate
**incorporating content** that's culturally appropriate & relevant
* e.g., issues related **acculturation**, **racism**, religion & spirituality, etc.
**altering the format & delivery** of treatment so that it's culturally compatible
* e.g., delivering treatment in a **client's native language**, adopting a **culturally compatible interpersonal syle**, & including **indigenous healers** in the delivery of treatment
58
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment**
Blakely et al. (1987) found that adaptations to treatment are more effective when they involve what, **instead of replacing** a component of an intervention
involve **adding features** to an intervention
59
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Evidence-Based Treatment**
Griner & Smith (2006) found that culturally adapted interventions are most beneficial for what clients? Examples?
* those who have the **greatest need** for them
e.g., clients who are **not fluent in English** or clients with **low levels of acculturation**
60
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
when working with **African American** clients, what should therapists keep in mind
**CULTURAL VALUES**
* **extended kinship network**, including immediate & extended family, friends, members of church & community
* **flexible family roles**
* **egalitarian** relationships between males & females
**CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS**
* fostering **empowerment**
* adopting a **problem-solving approach** & focus on **decision-making skills**
61
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
what interventions do AA tend to prefer?
* an **egalitarian** therapeutic relationship
* a **time-limited, problem-solving** approach
* a **multisystems approach** - including the client. their immediate & extended family, nonblood relatives & friends, church & community members, & social service agencies
62
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
when working with American Indian client, what should therapists keep in mind?
**CULTURAL VALUES**
* * adhere to **collateral social system**
* interests of the **family & tribe over individual**
* **cooperation**, sharing, & **generosity**
**WORLDVIEW**
* wellness - **harmony of mind, body, & spirit**
* illness - results from **disharmony**
**BEHAVIORAL**
* consider **listening** to be more important than talking
* emphasize on **nonverbal communication**
* view **direct eye contact as disrespectful**
* view a **firm handshake as aggression**
63
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
considerations for the **therapeutic relationship** when working with **American Indian** clients
**RELATIONAL PREFERENCES**
* collaborative
* **respect** for & **knowledge of their culture**
* **admitting any lack of knowledge** about cultural identity
* client-centered
**INTERVENTION PREFERENCES**
* **problem-solving** approach
* use of **encouragement**
* client as expert on their own life - **honor their autonomy & agency**/decision-making power
* integration of their **values**
* values their **role as traditional healers**
* foster **empowerment** by mobilizing **support network**, including relatives, friends, tribal members
* use of **network therapy**
64
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
when working with **Hispanic/Latino Americans**, what should therapists keep in mind?
**CULTURAL VALUES**
* consider **religious & spiritual beliefs** in clinical decision-making
* **family welfare** over individual
* **patriarchal** family roles (e.g., machismo, marianismo)
**CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS**
* likely to express **somatic complaints** over psychological, physical, or cognitive
65
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
therapy preferences of **Hispanic/Latino Americans**
* **initially formal** style
* **subsequently more personal** style
* prefer **CBT, solution-focused, family & group** therapy
* treatment may be more effective when it incorporates:
a) **cuento therapy:** the use of **folktales** to present models of adaptive behavior
b) **dichos:** the use of **proverbs & idiomatic expressions** to help clients express their feelings
66
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
when working with **Asian American clients**, what should therapists keep in mind?
**CULTURAL VALUES**
* **holistic view** of mind & body
* emphasis on **family over individual** needs
* families adopt **traditional gender roles**
* **hierarchical & patriarchical** family relationships
**CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS**
* more likely to express **somatic complaints**
* differences in **acculturation** between family members may be a **source of conflict**
* **fear of "losing face" & shame** re: mental health issues, which **may affect level of willingness** to discuss personal problems & express emotions
67
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Culturally Competent Psychotherapy**
therapy preferences of **Asian American clients**
**RELATIONAL PREFERENCES**
* therapist as knowledgeable expert
* **formal style** of interacting/ communicating
* prefers **advice** giving & suggestions re: **specific courses of action**
**TREATMENT PREFERENCES**
* approach that is **brief, goal-oriented, problem focused** (likely to prefer CBT or equivalent structured approach)
* **focus on family** over individual
* use of **encouragement**
* foster **empowerment**
* **participation** in identifying goals & solutions
**BEHAVIORAL PREFERENCES**
* view periods of **silence** as respectful
* view **avoidance of eye contact** as polite
68
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
LGBTQ men & women are how many times more likely than heterosexual men & women to experience mental health problems? What are the most common mental health disorders among LGBTQ populations?
* more than 2x as likely
* anxiety, depression, & substance misuse
69
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
research suggests that (gay, lesbian, or bisexual) individuals have more mental health problems?
bisexual
70
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
(gay men/lesbian women) utilize mental health services at higher rates
gay men
71
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
bisexual (men/women) utilize mental health services at higher rates
neither; utilization rates among bisexual men & women are similar
72
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
characteristics of the optimal type of therapy for LGBTQ clients
* providing **affirming** therapy (integration of **knowledge & awareness** of the unique & cultural aspects of LGBTQ individuals)
73
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
considerations when using CBT with LGBTQ clients
* distinguish between maladaptive thoughts & thoughts that refelct a normal response to stigmatization & discrimination
74
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
list the 5 sexual identity milestones according to Bishop et al. (2020)
1. **awareness** of same-sex attraction
2. **self-identification** as LGB
3. **same-sex sexual behavior**
4. **disclosure** as a sexual minority **to a straight friend**
5. **disclosure** as a sexual minority **to a family member**
75
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: LGBTQIA+**
according to the California Quality of Life survey, (gay men/lesbian women) were more likely to report having MDD or GAD after recently disclosing their sexual identity
gay men
## Footnote
lesbian women were **less likely to report having MDD** after recently disclosing their sexual identtiy
76
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults**
what are the most common mental health diagnoses among older adults
anxiety & depression
77
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults**
how do symptoms of depression differ between **older VS. younger adults**
**older adults**
* more likely to **complain about physical & cognitive symptoms** than emotional distress or depression
(e.g., frequent **headaches**, increased **pain**, changes in **appetite**, tiredness, low **energy**, & impaired **memory & concentration** rather than "sadness" or "depression")
* more likely to **complain about irritability, insomnia, weight loss**, & other symptoms associated with anxiety (rather than complaining about "anxiety")
78
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults**
treatment considerations when working with **older adults**
* may **respond more slowly** to therapy
* may benefit most from **tailoring treatment to cognitive, sensory, & physical needs**
79
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults**
according to APA guidelines for practice with older adults, give some examples of how to modify treatment/interventions to increase therapeutic effectiveness
* **shortening sessions**
* **increasing the number** of sessions
* **accommodating hearing loss** by reducing ambient noise
* **addressing physical illness, grief, cognitive decline**, & other problems that are experienced more often by older adults
80
# **Cross-Cultural Issues: Older Adults**
according to APA guidelines for practice with older adults, what types of approaches are more effective for depression?
* CBT
* reminiscence therapy
81
# **Practice Test: Incorrect Answers**
A psychotherapist who has an emic perspective:
A. focuses on changing characteristics of the client to better fit environmental demands.
B. focuses on changing the client’s environment to better fit the client’s needs.
C. recognizes the differences between cultural groups.
D. tends to overlook important cultural differences.
C. recognizes the differences between cultural groups.
