Psychodynamic & Humanistic Therapies Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
- assumptions
- cause of defense mechanisms
- primary goal(s) of treatment
A
- assumptions:
* deterministic & pessimistic view of human nature
* psychological problems due to unconscious unresolved conflicts that arose in childhood
* conflict cause anxiety & result from divergent demands of the id, ego, & superego - cause of defense mechanisms: the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego using rational means
- primary goals of treatment:
* make the unconscious conscious
* strengthen the ego so that behavior is based more on reality & less on instinctual cravings & irrational guilt
2
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of the id
instinct
A
- present at birth
- the primary source of psychic energy are life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts
- operates according to the pleasure principle
- seeks immediate gratification of instinctual needs
- uses unconscious irrational means to meet instinctual needs
3
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of the ego
A
- develops at about 6 months of age
- operates according to the reality principle
- seeks to gratify the id’s instincts in realistic, rational ways
4
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of the superego
society
A
- last aspect of personality to develop
- represents the internalization of society’s values & standards
- acts as the conscience
- attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id’s instincts
5
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
describe characteristics of defense mechanisms and list them
A
- denial or distortion of reality; operate on an unconscious level
- repeated reliance on them keeps a person from resolving the conflicts that are causing anxiety
- repression
- denial
- reaction formation
- projection
- sublimation
6
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of the defense mechanism repression
A
- basis of all other defense mechanisms
- involuntary
- involves keeping undesirable thoughts & urges out of conscious awareness
7
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics & methods of the defense mechanism denial
A
- immature; involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality
- ignoring, distorting, & rejecting reality
8
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of the defense mechanism reaction formation
A
defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing it’s opposite
9
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of the defense mechanism projection
A
attritbuting an unacceptable impulse to another person
10
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of the defense mechanism sublimation
A
channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable (and often admirable) endeavor
11
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
what is the primary technique of psychoanalysis
A
analysis of a client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, & transference
12
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
list the 4 steps in the process of psychoanalysis
A
- Confrontation
- Clarification
- Interpretation
- Working Through
13
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of Step 1: Confrontation
A
helping clients recognize behaviors they’ve been unaware of & their possible causes
14
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of Step 2: Clarification
A
bringing the cause of behaviors into sharper focus by separating important details from extraneous material
15
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of Step 3: Interpretation
A
explicitly linking conscious behaviors to unconscious processes
16
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
repeated interpretation leads to what?
A
catharsis and insight into the connection between unconscious material & current behavior
17
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
define catharsis according to psychoanalysis
A
the experience of repressed emotions
18
Q
Freudian Psychoanalysis
characteristics of Step 4: Working Through
A
a gradual process during which the client accepts & integrates new insights into their life
19
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
- assumptions about behavior
- list 2 aspects of the unconscious psyche
- primary goal(s) of treatment
A
- assumptions:
* behavior is driven by both positive & negative forces
* personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan
* behavior is affected by the past & the future - the 2 aspects of the unconscious psyche: personal & collective unconscious
- primary goals of treatment:
* bring unconscious material into consciousness
* facilitate the process of individuation
20
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
what do the personal and collective unconscious consist of
A
- personal: a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories
- collective: memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next
21
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
characteristics of archetypes associated to the collective unconscious
A
- universal thoughts & images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circumstances
- expressed in myths, symbols, & dreams
- include the persona, shadow, hero, & anima/animus
22
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
when does the process of individuation occur? describe the process
A
- during the second half of life
- when a person becomes a psychological “in-dividual” - a separate, indivisible unity or whole
23
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
techniques used to achieve the primary goals of treatment from an analytic psychology approach
A
- dream interpretation
- analysis of transference
24
Q
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Jung’s view of transference
A
due to the projection of elements of the personal & collective unconscious
25
# **Humanistic, Existential, & Other Psychotherapies**
list the similarites between humanistic & existential psychotherapies
* focus on the here-and-now
* phenomenological orientation - prioritizing client's subjective experience over objective reality
* reject the medical model & use of clinical labels
* concentrate on client's internal qualities & perspective rather than symptoms
26
# **Humanistic, Existential, & Other Psychotherapies**
list the differences between humanistic & existential psychotherapies
**humanistic**
* emphasizes acceptance & growth
* help clients become more fully-functioning & self-actualizing
**existential**
* emphasize freedom & responsibility
* help clients confront anxieties that arise from awareness of one's existential condition
* help clients cultivate authentic engagement with their world
27
# **Person-Centered Therapy**
1. assumptions
2. view of psychological problems
3. primary goal(s) of treatment
assumptions:
* all people have an innate drive toward self-actualization & are motivated to achieve their full potential
view of psychological problems:
* thwarted drive toward self-actualization
* incongruence between their self-concept & experience
primary goals of treatment
* help the client become a more fully functioning person who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and is engaged in the process of self-actualization
28
# **Person-Centered Therapy**
according to Rogers, what is a source of incongruence? Give an example.
conditions of worth
* when parents provide a child with love & acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways
29
# **Person-Centered Therapy**
according to Rogers, how do people often react to incongruence? What is the outcome of their reaction(s)?
* defensively by disorting or denying their experience
* psychological maladjustment
30
# **Person-Centered Therapy**
list & define the **3 facilitative (core) conditions** of person-centered therapy
* emphathy: understanding the client's perspective & communicating that understanding to them
* unconditional positive regard: valuing & accepting the client as a person
* congruence: being genuine, authentic, & honest
31
# **Gestalt Therapy**
1. assumptions
2. view of psychological issues
3. primary goal(s) of treatment
assumptions:
* people are motivated to maintain a state of **homeostasis**, which is repeatedly disrupted by **unfulfilled needs** both physical & psychological
* people seek to obtain something from the environment to satisfy their unfulfilled needs in order to restore homeostasis
view of psychological issues
* the result of unfulfilled needs
primary goal(s) of treatment
* gaining awareness of one's current thoughts, feelings, & actions (curative factor)
32
# **Gestalt Therapy**
list the characteristics and types of **boundary disturbances**
a persistant disturbance that interferes with a person's ability to fulfill needs
* introjection: when people adopt the belief, standards, & values of others without evaluation or awareness
* projection: when people attritbute undesirable aspects of themselves to other people
* retroflection: when people do to themselves what they'd like to do to others
* deflection: when people avoid contact with the environment
* confluence: when people blur the distinction between themselves & others
33
# **Gestalt Therapy**
list & describe 2 strategies Gestalt therapists use to increase client's awareness
* dream work: having the client role-play parts of their dream that represent disowned parts of their personality
* empty chair: having the client interact with opposing aspects of their personality (e.g., top dog & underdog) or to resolve "unfinished business" with a significant person in their past or present
34
# **Gestalt Therapy**
Gestalt therapists' view of working with transference
* do not foster or interpret
* instead, help client distinguish bewteen their "transference fantasy" & reality
35
# **Existential Therapies**
1. main contributors
2. assumptions
3. view of psychological issues
4. primary goal(s) for treatment
main contributors:
* Irvin Yalom, Rollo May, & Viktor Frankl
assumptions:
* each person must ultimately define their personal existence
view of psychological issues:
* the result of an inability to resolve conflict that arise when facing 4 "ultimate concerns of existence"
primary goal(s) of treatment:
* to help clients lead more authentic lives
* assisting client in taking charge of their life
* helping clients choose for themselves the values & purposes that will define & guide their existence
* supporting clients in actions that express their values & purposes
36
# **Existential Therapies**
list the 4 **ultimate concerns of existence** according to existential therapies
1. death
2. freedom
3. isolation
4. meaningless
37
# **Existential Therapies**
list & describe the 2 types of anxiety existential therapies distinguish between
1. Normal (existential) Anxiety: in proportion to an objective threat, does no involve repression, & can be used constructively to identify & confront the conditions that elicited it & motivate positive change
2. Neurotic Anxiety: disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, & keeps people from reaching their full potential
38
# **Existential Therapies**
what do existential therapists consider to be the most important therapeutic tool?
an authentic therapeutic relationship
39
# **Existential Therapies**
list 3 techniques that existential therapists use
* questioning
* interpretation
* reframing
40
# **Reality Therapy**
1. assumptions
2. view of psychological issues
3. primary goal(s) of treatment
assumptions:
* people have 5 basic innate needs
* the ways a person chooses to fulfill their needs determines
* whether thay have a success or failure identity
view of psychological issues:
* the result of adopting a "failure identity"
primary goal(s) of treatment:
* to replace the client's failure identity with a success identity
* help the client assume responsibility for their actions & adopt more appropriate ways to fulfill their needs
41
# **Reality Therapy**
list the 5 basic innate needs according to reality therapy
1. love & belonging
2. power
3. fun
4. freedom
5. survival
42
# **Reality Therapy**
characteristics of a success VS. failure identity
success identity:
* choose to fulfill needs responsibly in positive, constructive ways that don't infringe on the rights of others
failure identity:
* choose to fulfill needs irresponsibly in negative, destructive ways that infringe on the rights of others **and** these ways do not always help the person get what they need/want
43
# **Reality Therapy**
strategies used by reality therapists
| WDEP system
W: asking clients about their **w**ants and needs
D: determine what the client is currently **d**oing to foster awareness of their behaviors
E: encourage client to **e**valuate their own behaviors
P: help the client create a **p**lan of action
44
# **Positive Psychology**
list the characteristics of **valued subjective experiences** in positive psychology
* well-being
* contentment
* satisfaction (in the past
* hope & optimism (for the future)
* flow & happiness (in the present)
45
# **Positive Psychology**
define the concept of **flow** in postive psychology
* a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter
* the experience is so enjouable that people will continue to do it for the sake of doing it, even at great cost
46
# **Positive Psychology**
when are people most likely to experience flow according to positive psychology
when there is a challenge-skill balance
* when people believe they have the skills needed to meet an activitiy's challenge ***and*** the challenge & skill level are both relatively high
47
# **Positive Psychology**
what is a distinctive characteristic of positive psychology
its emphasis on using the scientific method to evaluate its theories, concepts, & interventions
48
# **Positive Psychology**
research has linked positive emotions & optimism to what? And positive psychology interventions to what?
* increased longevity
* improved physical health
49
# **Personal Construct Theory**
1. focus
2. assumptions
focus: how people construe (perceive, interpret, & anticipate) events
assumptions:
* there are alternative ways of construing events
* people can change the way they construe events to alleviate undesirable behaviors & outcomes
50
# **Personal Construct Theory**
define **personal constructs** according to Kelly (1963)
bipolar dimensions of meaning that arise from a person's experiences & may operate on an unconcsious or conscious level
* examples of bipolar dimensions: fair/unfair, friend/enemy, relevant/irrelevant
51
# **Personal Construct Theory**
characteristics of the therapeutic relationship in personal construct theory
client & therapist are partners working together to help identify & replace maladaptive personal constructs
52
# **Personal Construct Theory**
define the purpose of Kelly's (1963) **fixed-role therapy** & describe it
* to help clients try out alternative personal constructs
* having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist & construes events in alternative ways
