CT Quizes

Question 1

What is critical thinking?
The ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning
The ability to criticize the thinking of others
The ability to think about critical matters
The ability to think in times of crisis

Answer 1

The ability to think carefully about thinking and reasoning. Examining one’s own beliefs and arguments, as well as those of others, and developing mental habits that will lead to well-reasoned, likely to be true beliefs.

Question 2

What is the difference between a simple proposition and complex proposition?
-Simple propositions do not have an internal logic structure, while complex propostions do have an internal logic structure
-Complex propositions always include the work “and”
-Complex propositions are always longer than simple proposiitons.
-Simple proposition can only express basic facts, while complex propositions can express abstract concepts

Answer 2

Simple propositions do not have an internal logic structure, while complex propositions do have a internal logic structure

Question 3

Complex propositions have what connector words?

Answer 3

And
Or
If
then

Question 4

What is an argument?

Answer 4

A set of statements that together comprise a reason for a further statement

Question 5

If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time. How many times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness? Nobody likes a 7 am start time, but it was in the job description. We should remind the new employee how important this is.

What is a simple proposition that is expressed in the above paragraph?
-The new employee wants to succeed.
-How many times have we heard the manager complain about tardiness?
-The employees look out for each other.
-If the new employee wants to succeed, then they need to show up on time.

Answer 5

The new employee wants to succeed.

“If…then…”

Question 6

What is an example of a proposition?
-Isn’t it lovely day today.
-What is your dog’s name?
-The sun is made of lava.
-Let’s go to the park today.

Answer 6

The sun is made of lava.

Question 7

What is an example of a proposition?
Let’s go hiking tomorrow.
The dog is in the house.
Look at that sunset!
How are you doing today?

Answer 7

The dog is in the house.
This statement can be TRUE or FALSE, making it a proposition

Question 8

Which words or phrases are premise indicators? Choose 2
In that
Consequently
It follows that
Because

Answer 8

In that- the intro of a reason supporting the conclusion

Because-indicates the into of a reason supporting the conclusion

Question 9

Two people are planning their weekend getaway. One person suggests going hiking in the mountains, while the other prefers relaxing on the beach. After some discussion, they decide to compromise and spend half of the weekend hiking and the other half lounging by the sea.

What is a complex proposition in the above paragraph?
-Weekend getaways are a great way to relax and unwind, but different people might prefer different destinations.
-One person suggests going hiking in the mountains
-After some discussion, they decide to compromise and spend half of the weekend hiking and the other half lounging by the sea.
-Two people are planning their weekend getaway.

Answer 9

After some discussion, they decided to compromise and spend half of the weekend hiking and the other half lounging by the sea.

multiple simple propositions, making it a complex proposition.

Question 10

Deductive

Answer 10

When the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

Question 11

Ampliative/Inductive

Answer 11

conclusions is probable

Question 12

Abduction

Answer 12

Arguments where the best available explanation is chosen as the correct explanation

Question 13

Which two are true of a conclusion? Choose 2
It is supported by premises
It is always at the end of an argument.
It supports the premises
It is a proposition

Answer 13

It is supported by premises
It is a proposition

Question 14

Conclusion Indicators

Answer 14

• Therefore
• So
• It follows that
• Hence
• Thus
• Entails that
• We may conclude that
• Implies that
• Wherefore
• As a result

Question 15

Premises Indicators

Answer 15

• Because
• For
• Given that
• In that
• As
• Since
• As indicated by
   Premises are claims

Question 16

What is an argument or reference?
A fight
An explanation of why something is the case
A set of propositions including premises and a conclusion
A disagreement

Answer 16

A set of propositions including premises and conclusion

Question 17

Validity

Answer 17

If the premises are true, the conclusion would be true. Validity doesn’t require that the same premises have to be true

Question 17

Consider the following argument: If Jones is a baseball player, then Jones is an athlete. Jones is a baseball player. Thus, Jones is an athlete

Which kind of argument is this?
A conditional proposition
A valid argument
A strong argument
An invalid argument

Answer 17

Valid Argument

An argument is structured in such a way that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

Question 17

All Texans are Americans. Ana is an American. Therefor, Ana is a Texan, Which ters categorize this deductive argument? Choose 2
Valid
Invalid
Sound
Unsound

Answer 17

Unsound- because premises is not all true
Invalid because of the argument construction

Question 18

In deductive reasoning, what is the difference between validity and soundness?
-Validity concerns an argument’s probability, but soundness requires clearly defined terms.
-Validity concerns the inductive strength of an argument, but soundness requires both strength and plausible premises
-Validity concerns the truth of an argument’s premises, but soundness requires a high degree of probability.
-Validity only concerns the structure of an argument, but soundness requires both validity and true premises.

Answer 18

Validity only concerns the structure of an argument, but soundness requires both validity and true premises.

Validity concerns the way an argument is constructed. Soundness requires true premises in addition to validity.

Question 19

True

Answer 19

True proposition accurately representing reality

Question 20

Soundness

Answer 20

Deductive arguments are sound if it has a valid structure and all its premises are TRUE

Question 21

Source Validity

Answer 21

Multiple world gov confirming the same info
Multiple new outlets with independent sources reporting the same story
Story been debunked
o Biased: They should be fairly clear when they are giving you information and offering analysis or assessment of that information.
 Quick search for the head
 Investigate original source; where the info was referenced and review the facts yourself
o Thoughtful and Honest
 Consider counterarguments and their analysis
o Who funded it?

Question 22

Fact Checkers

Answer 22

o Biased: They should be fairly clear when they are giving you information and offering analysis or assessment of that information.
 Quick search for the head
 Investigate original source; where the info was referenced and review the facts yourself
o Thoughtful and Honest
 Consider counterarguments and their analysis
o Who funded it?

Question 23

Principle of Charity

Answer 23

Always interpret your opponent's position or argument so as to make it as stong as possible Benefit of the doubt

Question 24

In the past, it has snowed in Alaska every winter for the last 100 years. Therefore, it will probably snow in Alaska next winter. Which terms categorize this inductive argument? Choose 2 -Strong -Weak -Cogent -Uncogent

Answer 24

Strong- premise is probably true Cogent- argument is stong and it premise is true

Question 25

In 1962, it snowed in downtown LA. Therefore, it will probably snow in downtown LA next winter. Inductive argument Choose 2 Strong Weak Cogent Uncogent

Answer 25

Weak Uncogent

Question 26

Cogent Inductive Argument

Answer 26

Strong and all premises are true

Question 27

Uncogent Inductive Argument

Answer 27

A premise is false

Question 28

All the students who passed the midterm exam passed the final exam as well. Bob passed the final exam. Therefore, Bob passed the midterm exam. -Sound -Inductive -Weak -Invalid

Answer 28

Weak The argument is not valid. It is possible for the premises to be true while the conclusion is false. It could be the case that all the students who passed the midterm passed the final but that some students who failed the midterm went on to pass the final exam.

Question 29

A formal fallacy concerns __________, but an informal fallacy concerns _________.

Answer 29

Structure of an argument The informational content of the argument

Question 30

A formal fallacy is a type of_________

Answer 30

argument structure

Question 31

Bob's argument against the conspiracy theorist commits the straw figure fallacy. So, clearly Bob is wrong, and the conspiracy is real. -Denying the antecedent -Affirming the consequent -Fallacy Fallacy -Begging the question

Answer 31

Fallacy Fallacy

Question 32

Frida Kahlo is the greatest artist because no other artist is as good as her. Which logical error does the above argument commit? -Denying the antecedent -Affirming the consequent -Fallacy Fallacy -Begging the question

Answer 32

Begging the question The argument is circular. Restates the conclusion.

Question 33

Which words or phrases are conclusion indicators? Choose 2 answer As a result For Hence As indicated by

Answer 33

As a result Hence

Question 34

Which two are true of a conclusion? Choose 2 It is supported by premises It is always at the end of an argument It supports the premises It is a proposition

Answer 34

It is supported by premises It is a proposition

Question 35

When does a set of propositions not form an argument? When it is short and simple When most people agree with it When it does not include premises and conclusion When not many people agree with it

Answer 35

When it does not include premises and conclusion

Question 36

Guarantee their conclusions

Answer 36

Deductive

Question 37

Consider the following argument: If Jones is a baseball player, then Jones is an athlete, and Jones is a baseball player. Thus, Jones is an athlete Which kind of argument is this? A conditional proposition A valid argument A strong argument An invalid argument

Answer 37

A valid argument- a way argument is constructed. Soundness requires true premises in addition to validity

Question 38

All Texans are Americans. Ana is an American, Therefore, Ana is a Texan. Which terms categorize this deductive argument? 2 Valid Invalid Sound Unsound

Answer 38

Invalid-Argument is not valid Unsound- All invalid arguments are also unsound

Question 39

Conclusion is probable

Answer 39

Inductive Argument

Question 40

Premises are true and conclusion must be true

Answer 40

Valid deductive argument

Question 41

Sound Argument

Answer 41

valid and has true premises

Question 42

Strong inductive argument

Answer 42

premises are true, the conclusion is probably true

Question 43

Cogent argument

Answer 43

strong and has true premises

Question 44

If it is the hottest day of the year, then the ice has melted. Therefore, it must have been the hottest day of the year. What fallacy does the above argument commit? Denying the antecedent Affirming the consequent Fallacy Fallacy Begging the question

Answer 44

Affirming the consequent Arguments of this form can have true premises and a false conclusion.

Question 45

Jamie's argument against the conspiracy theorist commits the straw figure fallacy. So, clearly Jamie is wrong, and the conspiracy is real. Which logical error does the above argument commit? Denying the antecedent Affirming the consequent Fallacy Fallacy Begging the question

Answer 45

Fallacy Fallacy The conclusion of another argument is rejected on the grounds that the other argument commits a fallacy. This is a mistake since there are bad arguments for true conclusions.