Section 3

Question 1

What is the importance of storytelling in PH initiatives?

Answer 1

Can create an emotional response in an audience that raises awareness of PH initiatives among key audiences and inspires and motivates people to act.

Question 2

What should you do to prepare for a media interview?

Answer 2

 By understanding the topic, audience, interviewer.
 Stay focus on the key message
 Avoid using jargon or technical language
 Be honest and direct
 If you don’t know the answer, say so

Question 3

What is a communication package?

Answer 3

A collection of related communication materials and messages designed to achieve a specific objective. It includes various materials: fact sheets, brochures, press releases, etc.

Question 4

What is the primary role of social media in public health communication?

Answer 4

Opportunities to modify health behavior, promote behavior and choices that positively affect people’s general well-being

Question 5

Key Message (elevator pitch)

Answer 5

-Memorable sentence or 2 that conveys exactly what you want your target audience to know and understand
-Limit your key messages to 3
-Short and concise
-Memorable; simple and original
-Focused on specific topic; Avoid overexplaining or including lots of background information
-Consistent
-Tailored to the needs of the audience
-Keep the bigger picture in mind

Question 6

Talking points

Answer 6

-Fact, figure, or story that supports a key message
-Talking points to help explain a complicated event or issue
-Supported with research
-Keep talking points to 5 or fewer key messages
-Talking points offer more insight
-Points prove the key message to be true
-Easy to understand, jargon-freed

Question 7

Write Clearly

Answer 7

-Use active voice to keep content engaging, clear, and brief
-Replace jargon and scientific terms with simple terms (e.g. African American vs minority)
-Group info using headings; keep material scannable by using meaningful titles
-Make your material look appealing; use bullets and headings to chuck info, use images that support text, and avoid lots of white space.

Question 8

Storytelling

Answer 8

-use positive words that highlight the success and draw the reader in. Avoid jargon
-Short synopsis
-briefly describe how your org solved the problem identified
-Use bullet points to highlight each success or lesson learned. Concise and simple takeaways
-Make the story relevant on a national level
-Include contact info
-include references and info that may be helpful when developing material based on the story

Question 9

Design and layout

Answer 9

Use a clear visual hierarchy
-create path for the eye
i) most import info in the left top quadrant
-Distinct text size, color, and placement
i)Bigger text signals importance
-Different levels of info by making titles and headings bold or larger
-Group headings and related text together

-Use sans-serif typefaces (Calibri); easier to read
-16 px or larger on web and at least 12pt for print document(bigger is always better)
-Use fonts with open counter space
-Limit use of italics and all caps; use boldface to highlight important text

Question 10

Writing a fact sheet

Answer 10

1. Target audience
   -be specific
2. What do you know about their health literacy skills
   -what level of detail
3. My goal
   -what do you want people to think, feel, or do after reading?
4. Main message

Question 11

Policy changes

Answer 11

When new health policies or regulations are introduced, public health professionals must explain the implications and benefits to ensure understanding and compliance.

Question 12

Health campaigns

Answer 12

Public health professionals lead campaigns on issues like vaccination, mental health, or healthy lifestyles, educating the public about the importance of these initiatives.

Question 13

Research findings

Answer 13

Public health professionals share new research findings that can influence public health practices or policies.

Question 14

Misinformation

Answer 14

In the era of social media, public health professionals play a crucial role in debunking health-related myths and misinformation.

Question 15

Resource allocation

Answer 15

Public health professionals communicate with stakeholders about the need for resources in specific health sectors or regions.

Question 16

Health crises

Answer 16

During pandemics, disease outbreaks, or natural disasters, public health professionals provide critical information about risks, preventive measures, and response strategies.

Question 17

Hippocratic Writings (c. 460–370 BCE)

Answer 17

Developed the Humoral Theory, which linked health to the balance of bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile).

Question 18

First Emphasis on Disease Prevention (Ancient Greece)

Answer 18

Focused on lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and sanitation to maintain health.

Question 19

Public Bathing and Sanitation Practices (Ancient Greece)

Answer 19

The Greeks emphasized cleanliness and built public baths to promote hygiene.

Question 20

Ancient Romans (Ancient Greece)

Answer 20

First advanced water systems and hygiene practices

Question 21

The Black Death (1347–1351) (Middle Ages)

Answer 21

The bubonic plague killed over 25 million people in Europe, leading to early public health measures like quarantine.

Question 22

Religious Influence on Health (Middle Ages)

Answer 22

Many diseases were believed to be divine punishment, leading to reliance on prayer rather than medical interventions.

Question 23

Creation of Quarantine Measures (1377) (Middle Ages)

Answer 23

Venice established the first quarantine station, requiring ships to wait 40 days before docking to prevent disease spread.

Question 24

Rise of Public Health Legislation (Middle Ages)

Answer 24

in response to recurring epidemics, laws started to be introduced in various European cities to enforce quarantine and isolation during outbreaks of disease. The first

Question 25

What was put in place at the end of the Middle Ages to stop spread of disease? (Middle Ages)

Answer 25

Regulation of food at public markets

Question 26

What 3 events happened during the Renaissance era? (14-1500)

Answer 26

1. Scientific Revolution & Anatomy Studies 2. First Public Health Boards (Italy, 15th Century) – City-states like Venice created public health offices to manage sanitation and disease outbreaks. 3. Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1440s) – Allowed for faster spread of medical knowledge and public health ideas.

Question 26

Andreas Vesalius (Renaissance)

Answer 26

revolutionized the understanding of the human body, contributing to the foundations of medicine that would later inform public health policies. The study of disease transmission and the importance of hygiene also started to take shape.

Question 27

John Graunt's "Bills of Mortality" (1662) (Enlightenment)

Answer 27

Developed early statistical methods to track causes of death, laying the foundation for epidemiology.

Question 28

Edward Jenner's Smallpox Vaccine (1796)(Enlightenment)

Answer 28

Introduced the first vaccination, a major breakthrough in disease prevention.

Question 29

Edwin Chadwick’s Sanitary Report (1842) (Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era )

Answer 29

Linked poverty to poor health, advocating for clean water, sewage systems, and better housing.

Question 30

Germ Theory of Disease (1860s–1880s) (Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era )

Answer 30

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease, transforming medicine and public health. Joseph Lister was also involved.

Question 31

John Snow (mid 1800s (Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era )

Answer 31

First large-scale public health efforts in London called the “sanitation movement of London” to improve sanitation and hygiene and address Cholera outbreak

Question 32

NYC Health Department (1870)

Answer 32

Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era

Question 33

Influenza Pandemic (1918)

Answer 33

Modern public health Major public health crisis that caused fear and advanced hygiene

Question 34

The Creation of the World Health Organization (WHO) (1948)

Answer 34

Modern public health

Question 35

Jonas Salk’s Polio Vaccine (1953)

Answer 35

Modern public health

Question 36

Assessment

Answer 36

Assess/Monitor/Diagnose health problems/Research *new treatment

Question 37

Policy Development

Answer 37

Inform/Educate/Empower/*Develop laws/regulations

Question 38

Assurance

Answer 38

Research on *current treatments, Training HCWs, *Enforce laws/regulations, *Link to health services

Question 39

Determinants of Health

Answer 39

Genetics refers to the study of genes and heredity, which are crucial in determining various aspects of an individual's health. Genes, composed of DNA, carry information that influences the development and functioning of a person's body. Behavior refers to the actions and choices individuals make that can have either positive or negative impacts on their well-being. These actions can include lifestyle choices, daily habits, and health-related decisions. Environmental and physical influences refer to the conditions in the external surroundings that can impact an individual's well-being. These factors encompass both the natural environment and the built environment where people live, work, and play. Medical care refers to the access, quality, and use of healthcare services that individuals receive to prevent, diagnose, treat, and manage their health conditions. The availability and effectiveness of medical care are significant in determining health outcomes for individuals and communities. Social factors encompass the social and economic conditions in which people live, work, and interact and includes political factors. These factors are crucial in shaping health outcomes and influencing individuals' overall well-being.

Question 40

Which of the following actions would most directly affect the environmental component of the epidemiological triangle in controlling the spread of a waterborne disease? A) Installing a public vaccination program to prevent the disease B) Providing education on the benefits of handwashing to reduce disease transmission C) Implementing a sewage treatment system to prevent contamination of water sources D) Distributing antibiotics to those already infected with the disease

Answer 40

Implementing a sewage treatment system to prevent contamination of water sources

Question 41

Which of the following are examples of tertiary prevention interventions in public health? (Select two) A) Offering weight loss surgery to patients with severe obesity B) Providing cancer screenings for early detection C) Offering physical therapy to patients recovering from a major surgery D) Conducting vaccination campaigns to prevent infectious diseases E) Providing support groups for individuals with chronic illnesses F) Educating the public on the dangers of smoking to prevent lung cancer

Answer 41

-Offering physical therapy to patients recovering from a major surgery Providing support groups for individuals with chronic illnesses

Question 42

Which of the following best illustrates health equity as opposed to health equality? (Select two) A) Providing the same health insurance coverage to all citizens, regardless of income level B) Allocating additional resources to underserved communities to address higher health risks C) Offering the same number of mental health counselors to every school district D) Ensuring that everyone has the same access to clean water and sanitation E) Providing targeted healthcare services based on specific community needs to reduce health disparities

Answer 42

Allocating additional resources to underserved communities to address higher health risks Providing targeted healthcare services based on specific community needs to reduce health disparities

Question 43

Which of the following statements correctly describes one of Koch's postulates for establishing a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease? A) The microorganism must be present in all healthy individuals, but not in those who are diseased. B) The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in pure culture. C) The microorganism must only be found in the environment, not in the host organism. D) The disease must occur in all individuals who are exposed to the microorganism, regardless of their immune status.

Answer 43

-The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased host and grown in pure culture.

Question 44

Which of the following interventions best illustrates the assurance function of public health? A) Implementing a public education campaign about the dangers of smoking B) Conducting research on the effectiveness of new cancer treatments C) Monitoring the quality of drinking water to ensure it meets safety standards D) Providing flu vaccines to vulnerable populations during flu season

Answer 44

Providing flu vaccines to vulnerable populations during flu season

Question 45

Which of the following are features of the STLT Gateway (State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Gateway) in public health? A) Provides a platform for federal agencies to directly manage local health initiatives B) Allows state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to access resources, data, and tools for public health practice C) Offers an online database exclusively for tracking individual patient health records D) Functions as a central hub for global health organizations to share international disease data E) Enables the public to directly report health issues and diseases in their communities to local authorities

Answer 45

Allows state, tribal, local, and territorial health departments to access resources, data, and tools for public health practice

Question 46

Which of the following interventions best reflects the principles of the Ecological Model in public health, as opposed to the Health Belief Model or the Stages of Change Model? A) A community program that encourages smoking cessation by addressing individual beliefs about the risks of smoking, the benefits of quitting, and the barriers to quitting, while also providing information about local support resources. B) A public health campaign that targets people at various stages of readiness to quit smoking, offering different strategies for pre-contemplation, contemplation, and action stages. C) A workplace wellness initiative that includes policy changes (e.g., smoke-free zones), social support from coworkers, and individual counseling to help employees quit smoking. D) A school program that focuses on educating students about the dangers of smoking and providing them with resources to quit, without considering the broader social and environmental influences on their behavior.

Answer 46

A workplace wellness initiative that includes policy changes (e.g., smoke-free zones), social support from coworkers, and individual counseling to help employees quit smoking.

Question 47

Ecological Model

Answer 47

PH focuses on multiple levels of influence on health behaviors, including: Individual (knowledge, attitudes, skills) Interpersonal (family, friends, social networks) Organizational (workplaces, schools) Community (cultural values, norms) Policy (laws and regulations)

Question 48

Which of the following descriptions best represents active surveillance? A) Healthcare providers report cases of a disease to public health authorities based on routine reporting requirements, with minimal intervention from public health staff. B) Public health authorities proactively contact healthcare providers or institutions to gather specific case data, often using case definitions and targeted investigations. C) Public health officials use data from emergency departments and clinics to track symptoms or syndromes, such as fever and cough, to detect potential outbreaks before laboratory confirmation. D) Local health departments collect data from health records, focusing on patterns of chronic diseases in the population over long periods, without the need for immediate response.

Answer 48

Public health authorities proactively contact healthcare providers or institutions to gather specific case data, often using case definitions and targeted investigations.

Question 49

Syndromic surveillance

Answer 49

Focuses on s/s, not confirmed dx public health monitoring method that collects and analyzes real-time or near real-time data on symptoms (syndromes)—before a confirmed diagnosis is made—to detect potential outbreaks or public health threats early.

Question 50

Which of the following strategies are most appropriate for a public health social media campaign? (Select all that apply) A) Sharing short, engaging posts with infographics and visuals to encourage healthier behaviors in the target population. B) Posting detailed scientific data and statistical models explaining the epidemiology of a disease in a formal tone. C) Creating video content featuring personal stories and testimonials from influencers impacted by a health issue to build empathy and raise awareness. D) Posting fact sheets with comprehensive background information and technical language on disease prevention.

Answer 50

A) Sharing short, engaging posts with infographics and visuals to encourage healthier behaviors in the target population. C) Creating video content featuring personal stories and testimonials from influencers impacted by a health issue to build empathy and raise awareness.

Question 51

Which of the following definitions correctly distinguishes between prevalence and incidence? A) Prevalence measures the total number of cases of a disease, both new and existing, in a population at a given point in time, while incidence measures the number of new cases that develop during a specific time period. B) Prevalence refers to the number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period, while incidence refers to the total number of existing cases in a population at a given point in time. C) Incidence measures how long a disease lasts in a population, while prevalence tracks how quickly a disease spreads among individuals. D) Prevalence tracks the number of cases of a disease in a population over a lifetime, while incidence tracks only cases that are diagnosed during the annual flu season.

Answer 51

Prevalence measures the total number of cases of a disease, both new and existing, in a population at a given point in time, while incidence measures the number of new cases that develop during a specific time period.