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Section 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What distinguishes an epidemic from an endemic disease?

A

Epidemics implies that a disease has increased in frequency in a defined geographic area far above its usual rate. Endemic implies that a disease is present in a community at all times but at a relatively low frequency.

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2
Q

Which organization is responsible for declaring a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)?

A

WHO

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3
Q

How can public health officials contribute to the prevention of communicable diseases?

A

In managing noncommunicable disease by implementing targeted interventions such as improved living conditions, early detection, and community education

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4
Q

What is a holistic approach to preventing and managing noncommunicable diseases?

A

Strategies for preventing and managing noncommunicable diseases involve early detection, prompt treatment, and community education, emphasizing the importance of holistic PH approach

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5
Q

5 determinants of health categories

A

Genetics, behavior, environmental, and physical influences, medical care, and social factors

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6
Q

Social determinants of health

A

Encompasses economic and social conditions that influence the health of people and communities. Individual: Education occupation, or income

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7
Q

COVID-19 Pandemic Commission on Global Health Risk Framework impact

A

-Increased relevance

-Expanded scope: comprehensive approach to global health risks

-Accelerated action: global cooperation, preparedness, and response mechanisms

-Enhanced collaboration: gov, internation orgs, academia, and private sector

-Policy influence: national and internation strategies for pandemic preparedness and response

-Heighten public awareness

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8
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemics occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and affecting a large number of people.

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9
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease has increased in frequency in a defined geographic area far above its usual rate

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10
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

Evidence of an epidemiological association between the presence of the organism and the presence of a disease in human beings

Isolation of the organism from most of those with the disease

Transmissions to definitively establish that an organism is a contributory cause of disease

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11
Q

Chronic carriers

A

Ability to chronically transmit the disease. E.g HIV, hep B, and Hep C

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12
Q

contributory causes:

A

 are factors that directly or indirectly contribute to the occurrence or development of a particular heath condition.

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13
Q

genetics:

A

Study of genes and heredity

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14
Q

behavior

A

the actions and choices individuals make that can have either positive or negative impacts on their well-being. Ex daily habits, lifestyle choices

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15
Q

environmental and physical influences

A

conditions in the external surroundings that can impact individual’s well-being.

Natural environment
Built environment (live, work, and play)

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16
Q

natural environment

A

elements like air, water quality, availability of green spaces, and exposure to natural disasters. Ex high air pollution>resp problems, rec/park>physical and mental health

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17
Q

built environment

A

human-made structures and infrastructure such as housing, transportation systems, and workplace settings. Ex: walkable neighborhoods>physical activity

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18
Q

medical care

A

access, quality, and use of healthcare services that individuals receive to prevent, diagnose, treat, and manage their health conditions.

Geographic location

SES

Health insurance coverage

Quality of care

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19
Q

social factors

A

social and economic conditions in which people live, work, and interact.

Cultural norms- may influence dietary needs

Discrimination – contribute to stress and negatively impact mental health

Community cohesion- may promote a sense of safety and support

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20
Q

public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC):

A

formal declaration by the World Health Org (WHO) that an event is underway that is considered high risk for spreading internationally and therefore requires an organized response.

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21
Q

endemic disease

A

constant presence or usual prevalence of a disease in specific geographic area or population group. Low, continual, and predictable rates.

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22
Q

disease vectors

A

a living thing that acquires and transmits disease, often through bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

Ex:  using insecticides or bed nets to reduce mosquito populations is a crucial tool in the challenge to reduce human-vector contact. 

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23
Q

microorganisms

A

tiny living organisms, which can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites; they are often the cause of infectious disease

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24
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Both communicable disease and disease caused by organisms that are not communicable.

Difference: The ability to be transmitted from person to person or from animals or the physical environment to humans.

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25
R naughts (Ro)
basic reproduction numbers of infectious agents; it represents the average number of people to whom a single infected person will transmit the disease in a susceptible population Interventions: Quarantine, effective treatments to reduce communicability, barriers- masks, condoms, vaccinations
26
isolation
individual who are already sick, separating them from those who are healthy
27
quarantine
separation of individuals who may have been exposed to a contagious disease but are not yet showing s/s.
28
immunization
introduction of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens, providing protection against future infections.
29
vaccination
same as immunization; the term are synonyms
30
Screening
proactive approach to identify and isolate individuals who may be carrying a communicable disease Early detection allows for timely intervention, preventing further transmission
31
4 criteria for ideal screening process
1. The disease produces substantial death and/or disability 2. Early detection is possible and improves outcomes 3. There is a feasible testing strategy for screening 4. Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance
32
Lead-time bias
Early detection without improved outcome
33
treatment
alleviates s/s in infected individual and also reduces the duration of the infectiousness, limiting the potential for further spread.
34
noncommunicable disease
chronic disease that cannot be transmissible from person to person; they have a long duration and generally slow progression, such as heart disease, CA, DM, and chronic resp disease
35
environmental health
aspects of PH concerned with the factors, circumstances, and conditions in the environment or surroundings of humans that can influence health and well-being Physical Environment -3 categories Unaltered “natural” Altered-reflecting the impact of chemicals, radiation, and biological products that we introduce to the environment, Built -impact of human construction Consumption of resources- land, food, water, air, fossil fuels, and minerals Waste products-air and water pollutants, toxic materials, and greenhouse gases
36
Epidemiological transition
concept indicating the change that has been historically observed as part of social and economic development, from mortality and morbidity dominated by infections, to morbidity and mortality dominated by what has been called noncommunicable disease or degenerative and human-made diseases (synonym: public health transition).
37
What does health equity aim to achieve?
Equitable distribution of health outcomes
38
Which model focuses on an individual's readiness to change behavior?
Stages of Change Model
39
What is a primary consideration in community engagement ethics?
addressing root cause empower communities built trust cocreate sustainable solution that promote health equity
40
What does the health belief model primarily address?
people will act to prevent, control, or treat an illness if they believe they are susceptible to the condition, perceive the severity of the illness as significant, believe that taking a specific action will reduce their susceptibility or severity, and perceive the benefits of the action to outweigh the costs or barriers. Perceived susceptibility- own opinion of getting a condition Perceived severity -how serious condition is and it consequences Perceived benefits-advised action to reduce risk and/or severity of condition Perceived barriers-tangible and psychological costs of advised action Modifying variables -own characteristics that influence personal perceptions Cues to action-Strategies/events that encourage one’s readiness to act Self-efficacy- Belief in one’s ability to take action
41
Social Justice
A society that provides fair treatment and a fair share of the rewards of society to individuals
42
Gini index (Gini coefficient)
Measure of income distribution with an index ranging from 0 to 1. Higher values indicate greater inequality. Index is multiplied by 100. Countries with the widest gap between the poorest of the poor experience higher rate of infant mortality and lower life expectancy compared to other countries with a narrow gap between rich and poor. Black men in the US have the shortest life expectancy, while white men have the longest life expectancy
43
10 key categories of Social Determinants of Health
1.Social Status 2.Social Support or Alienation 3.Food 4.Housing 5.Education 6.Work 7.Stress 8.Transportation 9.Place- pollution, physically active 10.Access to Health Services
44
Bioethics
health law, policy, and ethics encourage or discourage behaviors
45
social determinants of health:
conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illnesses that affect health and quality of life. No universally agreed upon set of social determinants
46
Berkman and Kawachi’s theory on health outcomes emphasizes
quality of social connections
47
ecological model:
a framework that considers the multiple levels of influence on individual behavior, from personal factors to broader social and environmental contexts
48
health belief model
A model of behavioral change when personal beliefs influence health behavior and people will be more likely to take action if they believe they are susceptible to the condition; the condition has serious consequences; taking action would benefit them, with the benefits outweighing the harms; people are exposed to factors that prompt action; and people believe in their ability to successfully perform the action
49
stages of change model
People go through a set of incremental stages when changing behavior rather than making significant changes all at once. Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance phase
50
Downstream factors
directly involve an individual and can potentially be altered by individual interventions. Ex: addiction to nicotine
51
Mainstream factors
that result from the relationship of an individual with a larger group or population. Ex: peer pressure to smoke or the level of taxation on cigarettes
52
Upstream factors
grounded in social structures and policies. Ex: government-sponsored programs that encourage tobacco production.
53
social cognitive theory(social learning):
focuses on the interaction between individuals and their social systems.
54
Reciprocal Determinism
interplay among personal, environment, and behavior Knowledge, skills, and belief Social and physical environment- peer influence, family support, neighborhood Interaction among all these factors
55
theory of reasoned action/planned behavior
theory of behavior change that posits that behavioral intention is influenced by individuals’ attitudes toward performing a behavior, their beliefs about whether people important to them approve or disapprove of the behavior, and their beliefs about their control over performing the behavior.
56
modeling
the process of demonstrating actions so another person can imitate them
57
self-efficacy
person’s belief in their ability to do or accomplish something
58
Diffusion of Innovation
community-level theory that new idea, product, or social practice is disseminated and adopted in a population
59
Social marketing
traditional with 4 Ps publics-target audience, partnerships, policies, and purse strings-funding
60
community engagement
the process of working collaboratively with community groups to address issues affecting their well-being
61
evidence-based public health(PERIE process)
a decision-making process that involves integrating the best available scientific evidence with expertise of PH practitioners and the values of the community to make decisions about PH policies and programs Problem: what is the health problem Etiology: what is/are the contributory cause Recommendation: Reduce the health impact Implementation Evaluation: impact of intervention
62
causation: contributory cause
in PH, it refers to a cause-and-effect relationship where a specific factor is considered responsible for a particular health outcome case-control studies: cause and effect cohort studies: cause precedes the effect randomized controlled trials: altering the cause alters the effect
63
correlation:
a statistical measure that describes the extent to which two or more variables fluctuate together, unlike causation, correlation does not imply that one variable causes the other.
64
CDC Score
evidence-based recommendations, a measurement of the quality of the evidence and a measurement of the magnitude of the impact of the intervention. Grades A-must,B-should,C-may,D-don’t,I- indeterminate/insufficient
65
health policy
decisions, plans, and actions undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a society; these policies encompass a broad range of issues, including PH, health insurance, medical services, and more
66
health disparities
type of difference in health that closely linked with social or economic disadvantage
67
Risk factor
a contributory cause and implies that at least an association at the individual level has been established
68
Risk indicators/Marker:
factors occur more frequently among groups with the disease than among groups without the disease
69
Strength-relationship
how closely related the risk factor is to the disease
70
Relative Risk
Probability of developing the disease if the risk factor is present compared to the probability of developing the disease if the risk factor is not present.
71
Intrapersonal
Focusing on characteristics of the individual, including knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, motivation, self-concept, past experience, and skills
72
Interpersonal
Relationships between people, acknowledging that others influence behavior by sharing their thoughts, advice, feelings, emotional support, and other assistance.
73
Mental Health
is a state of successful performance of mental fx, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationship with other people, the ability to adapt to change and to cope with challenges.
74
What are the 3 components of the Epidemiologic triangle ?
-Agent: cause of the disease -Host: organism harboring the disease -Environment: where the agent and host interact
75
Which are common risk factors for noncomm diseases?
Poor nutrition physical inactivity tobacco use Excessive alcohol
76
What is the main objective of disaster epidemiology?
-To assess the short-and long-term adverse health effects of disasters and predict future disasters' consequences -PH understand the needs, plan the response, and gather resources -situational awareness
77
What is the role of the PHEP Cooperative agreement in disaster preparedness in the US?
-Provides guidance, technical assistance, and resources to assist health departments with strategic planning to strengthen their PH preparedness capabilities -The PHEP cooperative agreement provides a critical source of funding for state, local, and territorial PH departments
78
What is one of the objectives of Healthy People 2030 related to emergency preparedness?
- It focuses on ensuring individuals, communities, and organizations are prepared for disasters, disease outbreaks, and medical emergencies. - increasing the proportion of people who donate blood -increasing the proportion of parents and guardians who know the emergency or evacuation plan for their children's schools -increasing the proportion of adults who prepare for a disease outbreak after getting preparedness information -increasing the proportion of adults who know how to evacuate in case of a hurricane, flood, or wildfire -and increasing the proportion of adults who have an emergency plan for disasters.
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Epidemiology
branch of medicine that investigates all the factors determining the presence or absent of disease or disorder
80
Surveillance
ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of ehalth-related data essential to the planning, implementing, and evaluating of PH practice o help ID the cause of a disease outbreak o monitor trends in a disease occurrence and distribution o guide immediate action for PH emergencies o document the impact of a intervention o track progress to specific goals
81
Passive surveillance
involves the routine collection and analysis of data in areas such as reportable disease, various registries (birth, death, chronic diseases), and standard hospital data
82
Active surveillance
systematic and intentional collection of data through specific efforts and activities. (proactive)
83
Police Power
functions to protect the health, safety, and welfare of persons within their borders. To control the spread of disease within their borders, states have laws to enforce isolation and quarantine. These laws can vary from state to state and can be specific or broad.
84
Epidemiological Triangle
a model used in public health to explain the factors contributing to disease spread, it consists of three components: agent (the cause of the disease), host (the organism harboring the disease), and environment (the external factors that affect the agent and the host); this model helps in identifying strategies for disease prevention and control
85
Environment
all external factors that influence the interaction between the host and the agent. Climate, social and economic factors
86
Virulence
level of harm
87
Infectivity
ability to infect
88
Pathogenicity
ability to cause disease
89
antigenicity
ability to cause an immune response
90
holistic framework
for understanding disease spread and informing PH interventions
91
Social justice
a perspective that views equitable access to healthcare as a fundamental right
92
Market Justice
considers healthcare as a commodity subject to market forces
93
immunization
inducing immunity to an infectious disease, typically through vaccination
94
chronic
a health condition or disease that is persistent or long-lasting in its effect.
95
atherosclerosis
buildup of plaque in arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow
96
situational awareness
the constant process of seeing, understanding, and anticipating an evolving disaster to make informed decisions that save lives and protect communities,
97
Emergency preparedness
the process of ensuring that individuals, communities, and orgs are ready to effectively respond to and recover from unplanned events such as disasters, disease outbreaks, and medical emergencies.
98
Mortality surveillance
measures death in a population and is an important indicator of the gravity of a disaster
99
Morbidity surveillance
allows for detecting potential disease outbreaks and tracking disease and injury trends.
100
Isolation
the separation and restriction of movement of individuals with a confirmed contagious disease from healthy individuals to prevent the spread of that disease

Foundation of PH (5 decks)

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