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Section 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Disease prevention stages?

A
  1. Primordial
  2. Primary
  3. Secondary
    4.Tertiary
    5.Quaternary Prevention
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2
Q

Primordial Prevention

A

Risk factor reduction is targeted towards an entire pop through focus on social and enviro conditions

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3
Q

Primordial Prevention example

A

Improving access to safe sidewalks in urban areas to promote physical activities and decrease obesity and CVD

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4
Q

Primary Prevention?

A

Physical activity/lifestyle changes=complete prevention of disease

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5
Q

Primary Prevention examples

A

limit risk or increase immunity
immunizations

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6
Q

Secondary Prevention?

A

Screening/case identification/treatment=identify and treat cases

Early disease detection
Patho changes but no overt s/s that can be dx by PCP

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7
Q

Secondary Prevention example

A

Pap smear for cervical CA screening

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8
Q

Tertiary Prevention?

A

Trauma Prevention/Rehab, i.e. physical therapy after stroke=prevent further health issues after diagnoses

Aimed to reduce severity of a disease and associated sequelae

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9
Q

Tertiary Prevention example

A

Stroke rehab

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10
Q

Quaternary Prevention

A

Protecting pt from medical interventions where the risk outweigh the benefits

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11
Q

Quaternary Prevention example

A

antiarrhythmic rx after MI that reduce arrhythmias however increase mortality

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12
Q

Hygiene Movement

A

Focus sanitation and PH in 1830-1840

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13
Q

What is primary focus of PH ?

A

Promote better health, improving, and protecting community health

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14
Q

What is the main goal of PH professionals in their mission to improve health of all people?

A

Prevention, promotion, and protection measures
-prevent epidemics and spread of disease
-protecting against enviro hazards
-preventing injuries
-promoting healthy behaviors
-responding to disasters and assisting communities in recovery
-ensuring the quality and access of health services

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15
Q

Contagion Control 1880-1940s

A

Germ theory, vaccinations, sanatoriums
Industrial Age

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16
Q

What does the term health disparities refer to?

A

Differences in health outcomes among different populations

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17
Q

What is the primary role of PH professionals in address health disparities?

A

implementing community-level interventions

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18
Q

What does the term determinants of health mean?

A

Social, econ, enviro, and behavioral factors influencing health

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19
Q

Public Health

A

the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community effort

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20
Q

Preventing Epidemics and the spread of disease

A

involves monitoring the community’s health to identify health problems and potential threats
-vaccination programs
-promoting hand hygiene
-educating the public about infectious diseses

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21
Q

Protecting against environmental hazards

A

ensuring the safety of air, water, and food supplies. Radiations and toxic chemicals

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22
Q

Preventing injuries

A

Promoting safety in the workplace, at home, and in public spaces. Prevent accidents; Traffic safety laws and safe work practices

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23
Q

Promoting and encouraging healthy behaviors

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A

education and community programs
-promoting physical activity
-healthy eating
-tobacco cessation

24
Q

Responding to disasters and assisting communities in recovery

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A

preparing for responding to natural disasters, disease outbreak, and bioterrorism event
-coordinating er efforts
-providing support to the community during recovery

25
Ensuring the quality and accessability of health services
ensuring that all individuals have access to high-quality health services and advocating for policies that improve health access, quality, and affordability.
26
Which historical period is often considered the starting point of PH practices?
Ancient Greece
27
What are the structural types of PH management systems in the US?
-Centralized -Decentralized -Mixed-Structure system -Shared PH
28
What is a significant contribution of the American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes to PH in the US ?
Indian Health Services
29
Which PH challenge is increasing d/t the climate change?
-spread of infectious disease -alters ecosystems -affects food production -exacerbates extreme weather events
30
What distinguishes Healthy People 2030 from its predecessor, Healthy People 2020?
Greater emphasis on addressing social determinants of health Advancing health equity Integrating a more holistic understanding of well-being Leveraging data and tech for effective interventions and monitoring Flexibility to accommodate emerging health challenges
31
How do stakeholders and partners interconnect with the public health system?
Media- facilitates information dissemination Employers and businesses impact the health of their employees and communities Government agencies- shape policies and city planning Academia- provides education and research to advance PH knowledge and practice
32
Which public health measure was put in place at the end of the Middle Ages for the purpose of mitigating the spread of disease?
Bubonic plague pandemic. Regulation on livestock and slaughterhouses Food regulations at public markets Guidelines for the length of time specific food products could be sold Decrease foodborne illness Isolation-separation from healthy individuals from those actively ill Ships entering port were segregated to prevent intro of new diseases, leading to the term QUARANTINE, meaning 40day(Italian).
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germ theory (Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch):
 diseases are caused by microorganisms(bacteria and viruses). Its development and acceptance were a significant turning point in the hx of medicine
34
miasma theory(Rome-19th century):
diseases are caused due to “bad air” or environmental factors (replaced by germ theory).
35
centralized public health structure
A system in which decision-making, coordination, and resource allocation for initiatives are concentrated within a single, overarching authority at the national or central level; in general, employees of a state lead public health efforts and the state manages financial matters.
36
Pros & Cons Centralized PH structure
Pro Uniformity and consistency in public health measures. Implementation and response to health challenges cohesive. Streamline decisions Cons One-size-fits-all approach Diverse community and intervention no specific Bureaucratic inefficiencies and delays to rapidly evolving health situation Lack of community and grassroots engagement Feeling disempowered
37
Decentralized
A system characterized by the distribution of decision-making, coordination, and resources allocation for initiatives across multiple levels, typically involving regional, state, or local authorities with a degree of autonomy.
38
Pros & Cons Decentralized
Pro: DHHS shape policies and interventions based on the specific needs of their communities Respond swiftly to local nuances and emerging health challenges Targeted interventions and promotion are effective and culturally sensitive due to their knowledge of community dynamics Fosters collaboration between public health officials and local residents Structures facilitate innovation, flexibility, and adaptability Con: Coordinating efforts across multiple jurisdictions can be challenging, leading to potential disparities in quality and availability of healthcare services Overall efficiency of responses during emergencies could be compromised due to varied approaches. Fragmented public health efforts- lacing cohesive and unified statewide strategy Resource allocation could be uneven- potentially inadequate support compared to others. Balance between local autonomy and federal
39
Mixed-Structure system
a combination of state and local health departments. State health provide overarching guidance and support. Local entities retain significant autonomy to tailor interventions to the specific needs of their communities. Pooling of resources, expertise, and data making comprehensive in coordinating responses. A system that combines elements of both centralized and decentralized approaches, involving a coordinated effort between national, regional, and local levels to address initiatives while maintaining a balance of authority and autonomy
40
Pros & Cons Mixed Structure
Pro: Potential to have a balance between uniformity and localized responsiveness Statewide policies implementation where it is crucial while allowing local adaptations to address unique community health needs. Encourages innovation and experimentation at local level Cons: Communication and coordination challenges; balancing diverse perspectives and priorities Variation of implementation of public health measures across different regions can pose challenges in achieving equitable health Resource allocation disparities
41
Shared PH structure
federal, state, local governments, and private organizations. A system that involves collaborative decision-making, coordination, and resource allocation for initiatives, where responsibilities and authority are distributed between state and local entities, including private orgs.
42
Shared PH structure
federal, state, local governments, and private organizations. A system that involves collaborative decision-making, coordination, and resource allocation for initiatives, where responsibilities and authority are distributed between state and local entities, including private orgs.
43
Pros & Cons shared PH structure
Pro: Potential for comprehensive resource mobilization Enhance the overall capacity to respond to public health issues. More holistic understanding of health challenges and development of effective, evidence based interventions. Standardized practices and protocols- fostering consistency Clearer communication, improved coordination, and more seamless response during emergencies. Dissemination of best practices, innovations, and promoting Con: Bureaucratic complexities Maintaining agility and responsiveness Decision-making processes might involve multiple layers of approval
44
Infectivity
the ability of an pathogen to establish an infection within a host
45
pathogenicity
the capacity of an agent(pathogen) to cause disease in a host
46
Virulence
The degree to which a pathogen can cause serve disease in a host; high virulence implies that the pathogen can cause significant harm.
47
Antigenicity
the ability of an pathogen, particularly its antigen, to induce an immune response in the host
48
What are the essential services of pH under the core function of assessment?
These cannot be delegated to other agencies or NGOs Monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets Investigate, diagnose and address health problems and hazard affecting the population
49
What does the overall system of public health in the United States involve?
Centers of Disease Control (CDC) & Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) -Disease control and prevention -Guidance on health hazards of toxic exposures National Health Institute(NIH) -Biomedical research enterprise FDA -Food safety, medical devices, drug efficacy, and drug safety pre-/post- approval HRSA- Health Resources and Services Administration -Equitable access -Community health centers, HIV services, and scholarships for health professionals. AHRQ -improve outcomes and quality of health care SAMHSA-Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Adminstration -Improve availability of prevention, treatment, and rehab for substance abuse and mental illness Indian Health Services (IHS) -Provides direct healthcare and public health services to federally recognized tribes.
50
What does the STLT Gateway provide resources for?
Explore national public health initiatives, strategies, and action plans organized by health topics, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the scope of PH efforts.
51
What are the three core public health functions according to the National Academy of Medicine?
Assessment: obtaining data that defines the overall population's health and specific groups within the population. -the new and persisting health problems involves the collection and analysis of info regarding health problems. PH professionals research health conditions, potential risks, and resources for communities related to healthcare and prevention Policy development: developing evidence-based recommendations -Analyses options i)Health policy analysis -Implementation i)Educate and mobilize community partnerships Uses the information gathered by those assessing PH to create policies that goven it. This involves the process of information sharing, consulting, and citizen participation to decide on PH measures. Assurance: governmental PH oversight responsibility for ensuring that key components of an effective health system, including health care and public health, are in place, even though the implementation will often be performed by others. Involves active initiatives to ensure communities are healthy and protected.
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Essential Assessment Services
1. Assess and monitor pop health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets Example:Vital stats health surveys (STI) 2. Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazard affecting the pop Example:Epidemic investigation (COVID-19)
53
Essential Policy Services
3. Communicate effecgtively to inform and educate ppl about health factors that influence it, and how to improve it Example: anti-tobacco campaigns 4.Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships to improve health Example:Lead testing and exposure education 5.Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health Ex: Newborn PKU
54
Essential Assurance Services
6. Use legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect PH Ex: Local-Fluoridation and chlorination of water; State- nursing home regulations; Federal-FDA drug and food safety 7.Assure an effective system that enables equitable access to individual services and care needed to be healthy. Ex: Community Health Center 8.Build and support a diverse and skilled PH workforce. Ex Licensure of MD, RN, and other health professionals 9.Improve and innovate PH functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous QI. Ex Development of evidence-based recommendations 10.Build and maintain a strong org infrastructure of PH Ex NIH, CDC, AHRQ
55
Assessment
the first core PH fx, in which official eval the current state
56
Policy Development
The second core PH fx, in which officials and stakeholders create policies and reg to address PH challenges
57
Assurance
The 3 cord PH fx, in which officials and stakeholders enforces policies and reg to ensure that the health of the individuals and pop is supported

Foundation of PH (5 decks)

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