cultural psychology Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
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culture by Edward Burnett Tyler
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complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society
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geert hoofdstede about culture
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the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group of people from another
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steven j heine about culture
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any kind of information that is acquired from other members of one’s species through social learning that is capable of affecting an individual’s behaviours.
particular group of people living within a shared context and exposed to same cultural information “western” vs. “east astian” cultures.
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Alex mesoudi about culture
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socially transmitted information
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cultural values
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preferences for one state of affairs over another that distinguishes ocountries (rather than individuals) from each other
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individualism vs collectivism
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the extend to which individuals prioritize their personal goals vs their group goals
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tightness vs looseness
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tolerance of deviant behaviour and severity of punishments to norm violators
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construct equivalence
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similarity of construct across cultures
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methodlogical equivalence
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equality in familiratiry with stimulus material & response procedure
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linguistic equivalence
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translation accuracy, retention of connotations
11
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culture defined by book
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culture is any kind of information that is acquired from other members of one’s species through social learning that can influence an individual’s behaviors /// A culture is a group of people who are existing within some kind of shared context.
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see the mind as a highly abstract central processing unit CPU
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that operates independently of the context within which it is thinking or of the content it is thinking about
13
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nonuniversal
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if we find that a particular psych process can be said to not exist in all cultures, this reflects an absence of universality, they are cultural inventions
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existential universal
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a psych process is said to exist in all cultures althoug the process is not necessarily used to solve the same problems, nor iis it equally accessible across cultures
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functional universal
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psych processes that exist in all cultures, are used to solve the same problems across cultures, yet are more accessible to people from some cultures than others
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accessibility universal
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a given psych process exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problems across cultures and is accessible to the same degree across cultures
17
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ethnocentrism
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judging people from other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture
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ethnographies
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usually contain rich description of a culture or a particular situation or group of people within a culture, derived from extensive observations nd integration by an anthropologist
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Methodological equivalence
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for researchers to make meaningful comparison sacross cultures, participants must understand the questions or situations the same way
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power
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its capacity of the study to detect an effect to the extent that such an effect really exists
21
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back translation
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a strategy to avoid the problems having a translator during a conversation. translating your original text from egnlsih to Indonesian, and then translating that back from Indonesian to English
22
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response bias
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factor that distorts the accuracy of a. persons response to survey uquestions
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reference group effect
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people from different cultures tend to evaluate themselves by comparing themselves to different reference groups, and thus different standards
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deprivation effect
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the issue for measuring values across cultures is the expectation that in cultures where there is chronically less personal safety, people would express valuing it more.// The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to value food more than those living where food is abundant is an example of
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between groups manipulation
in which different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable
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within groups manipulation
each participant receives more than one level of the independent variable.
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situation sampling
if researchers can see how people respond to situations that are regularly experiences by people in another culture, they can get some perspective on how cultures shape people's way of thinking.
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cultural priming
works by making certain ideas more accessible to participants, and if those ideas are associated with cultural meanings, researchers can invesitigate what happens when people start to think about them
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tightness-looseness
refers to the degree to which a culture, or society has strong social norms and low tolaerance for people who violate those norms
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unpackaging
cultural findings means identifying the underlying variables that give rise to cultural differences
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Occam's razor
states that the simplest solution to a problem tends to be the right one
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culture of honor
in which people (especially men) strive to protect their reputation through aggression
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agent based modeling
a way of testing a hypothesis by creating simulations with virtual agents who are programmed to act autonomously in a computerised game
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prestige bias
learning something from someone that is an expert in a skill or area and thinking that this is best
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imitative learning
in which the learner internalises something of the models goals and behavioural strategies//less effective, more precise
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emulative learning
more effective, less precise, in which the learning focuses on the environmental events involved, such as how to use of one object could potentially cause changes in the state of the environment.
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how is cultural learning possible
theory of mind (understanding others intentions) and language (communicate ideas and intentions)
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ratchet effect
accumulation of cultural information (high-fidelity social transmission) + innovation (modification and improvement of the transmitted cultural information)
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where does cultural variation come from?
cultural norms are adaptive responses to features of the ecology (geography & climate)
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how does ecology contribute to cultural variation?
evoked culture -> transmitted culture
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evoked culture
culture norms as a biological encoded response to certain ecological factors (parasite prevalence)
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parasite prevalence
physical attractiveness (index of healthy) is important in mate selection
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transmitted culture
cultural norms are learned from other individuals (spreading of the norms that have been developed) for ex: watch neighbour plant wheat seeds and enjoy the benefits > plants wheat seeds himself
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which cultural ideas spread
useful, communicable, minimally counterintuitive, emotional
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how have cultures been changing?
globalisation (and glocalization), rise of individualism, increase in IQ, (Flynn effect)
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how do cultures persist?
cultural innovations are constrained by preexisting structures -> early ecological factors appear to have disproportionate influence on cultural evolution, pluralistic ignorance
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when do we acquire culture?
learning culture (hardwired to learn culture, sensitive periods), following instinct (hard wired skills)
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physical and social settings
what affordances the physical space provides (nutrition, climate)
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customs & practices of child rearing
inherited and adapted way of nurturing, entertaining, educating and protecting the child
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caretakers psychology
parental athnotheories (beliefs and values about child development and parenting)
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similarity bias
choosing whom to imitate and learn from based on the targets similarity to themselves
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conformist transmission
a tendency to learn from people who are engaging in behaviours that are more common compared with others
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mentalizing
interest in the mental states of others
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scaffolding
instructed learning is common with children, by using models to simplify a task and direct a child's attention to the relevant steps
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ratchet effect
after an initial idea is learned from others, it can be then modified and improved upon by other individuals. cultural info grows in complexity and often in usefulness over time
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cultural worlds
worlds the contain cultural ideas that have accumulated over time
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encephalization quotient
the ratio fo the brain weight of an animal to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal of the same body size roughly 4.6 -> our brain size is four to five times larger than that of other mammals of similar size
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gene-culture coevolution
interaction of culture and genes is a key factor that distinguishes human evolution from the evolution of other species.
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social brain hypothesis
perhaps it was the great cognitive demands inherent in social living that led to the evolution of large primate brains
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neocortex ratio
the volume of the neocortex relative to the volume of the rest of the brain
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proximate causes
those that have a direct and immediate relationship with their effects
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distal causes
those initial differences that lead to effects over long time periods, often through indirect relationships
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evoked culture
refers to the idea that all people regardless of where they are from, have a biologically based repertoire of behaviours that are accessible to them, and these behaviours are engaged for appropriate situations
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transmitted culture
people come to certain cultural practice through social learning or by modelling the behaviour of others who live near them
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natural selection
gradually happens when certain genes become more common in populations than they were in the past
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dynamic social impact theory
inviduals influence ah other through interacting, ultimately leading to clusters of like-minded people who are sparated by geography/ cuultures,
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contemporary legends
fictional stories that are told in modern societies as though they are true
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minimally counterintuitive ideas
statements that are surprising and unusual in the sense that they violate our expectations but are not too outlandish
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individualistic cultures
include a variety of practices and customs that encourage individuals to place their own personal goals ahead of those of the collective and to consider how they are distinct from others
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collectivistic cultures
include many practices, institutions and customs that encourage individuals to place relatively more emphasis on collective goals, the goals of one's in-group
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pluralistic ignorance
the tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie the behaviour of others
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sensitive period
a period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire a set of skills
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female chastity anxiety
unmarried adolescent women are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity; they should always be chaperoned
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sacred couple
married couples should have their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy
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autonomy deal
young children who are needy and vulnerable should sleep alone in order to learn self-reliance
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authoritarion parenting
places high demands on children, with strict rules and little open dialogue between parent and child. low levels of warmth or responsiveness by the parents to the child
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authoritative parenting
child-centered approach in which parents hold high expectation of the maturity of their children, try to understand their children's feelings and teach them how to regulate their feelings and encourage their children to be independent while maintaining limits and controls in their behaviour
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permissive parenting
characterised by parents being very involved with their children with much expressed parental warmth and responsiveness but placing few limits and controls in the children's behaviour
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neglectful parenting
marked by parents being cold, unresponsive and indifferent to their children
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noun bias
the preponderance of nouns relative to verbs and other relational words
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modernization hypothesis
as societies become wealthier, more educated and capitalistic they become more individualistic and analytical
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pathogen prevalence theory
argues that a high prevalence of communicable diseases in some countries made it more dangerous to deal with strangers, making those cultures more insular and collectivistic
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rice theory
some forms of subsistence (such as farming) require more functional interdependence than other forms (herding)
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enculturation
describes the process of first culture learning
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acculturation
the process of cultural change when you interact with people from another culture
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migration
the movement of a person or a group of persons either across an international border or within a state
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ethnocultural groups
voluntary and sedentary (mobility)
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indigenous peoples
involuntary and sedentary
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economic migrants
migrant voluntary
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refugees/asylum seekers
involuntary migrant
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acculturatie doucerain
acculturation is a multilevel, contextually dependent developmental change process resulting from a person moving into new cultural movement, with changes taking place at different rates across a number of domains
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bidimensional models
relationship with heritage & mainstream culture are conceptually independent cultural orientations
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sociocultural adaptation
doing well in a new culture "ability to fit in or negotiate interactive aspects of life in a culrual milieu
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psychological adjustment
feeling well in a new culture, mental health, well being and satisfaction
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acculturative stress
psychological impact on the process of cultural adaptation. defined as a reduction in mental health and well being of ethnic minorities that occurs during the process of adaptation to a new culture. // refers to undesirable side effects of acculturation and includes language issues, perceived cultural incompatibilites, and cultural self consciousness
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BII individual level indicator of compatibility of cultures
how well do people manage their dual cultural identities
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remote acculturation
people adjust gradually from a foreign culture afar by regurlaly watching its media or eating its food
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cultural distance
difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life.
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cultural fit
the degree to which an individuals personality is compatible with the dominant values of the host culture
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integration
efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture
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marginalization strategy
strategy that involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture
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assimilation strategy
involves efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture
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separation strategy
involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture, while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture
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immigrant paradox
a common finding that children of immigrants have a variety of negative outcomes, such as lower educational achievement and poorer physical health and mental health than their parents
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identity denial
in which people's cultural identity is questioned because they are not recognised as matching the prototype of the cultural group to which they belong
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stereotype threat
fear of behaving in a way that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one's group.
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blending
tendency for bicultural people to show psychological characteristics in between those of their two cultures
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frame-switching
alternativo between different cultural selves
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code switching
this kind of cultural frame switching is an essential skill for inner-city children to learn if they are to survive and succeed in these two diverse cultural contexts.
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bicultural identity integration
the extent to which bicultural people see their own cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other
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third culture kids
"global nomads" are people who travel with their expatriate parents and spend large parts of their formative years living in places outside their heritage culture
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integrative complexity
a willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue
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moral relativism
the belief that what is right or wrong is not absolute; it depends on different cultural factors
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dhat syndrome
disorder frequently observed in several south asian cultures, characterised by a belief among young men that they are leaking semen; this causes the to be morbidly anxious, because they consider semen to be a source of vitality
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cultura bound syndrome
group of psychological symptoms that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors and therefore occur far less often , or are manifested in highly diverse ways, in other cultures
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koro
manifests in men as a Morin anxiety and fear that their penis is shrinking into their body (south and east Asia)
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ataques de nervios
involves broad array of symptoms, including convulsions, a partial loss of consciousness, heart palpitations, numbness, sudden outburst and a sense of heat rising to the head
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amok
sudden outburst of uncontrolled behaviour or unrestrained violence, preceded by a period of brooding and ending with exhaustion and amnesia
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frigophobia
morbid fear of catching a cold, which leads people to dress themselves in heavy coats and scarves even in summer
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susto
people feel a frightening experience has caused their soul to get dislodged from their body, leading to a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms
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voodoo death
condition in which people are convinced a curse has been put on them, or they have broken a taboo
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latah
following some kind of startling event, the person falls into a transient dissociated state and exhibits unusual behaviours such as barking like a dog, shouting sexually charged statements or acting in culturally inapropriate ways
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malgri
territorial anxiety observed in various Australian Aboriginal groups. when afflicted individuals enter the sea or a new territory without engaging in the appropriate ceremonial procedures, they believe they are invaded by a totemic spirit that makes them physically sick and drowsy
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agonias
anxiety disorder identified among Portugese and Azorens in which people report a wide array of symptoms, including burning sensation a loss of breath hysterical blindness sleep problems and eating disorders
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kufungisisa
'thinking too much' condition associated with anxiety and physical problems believed to stem from mental exhaustion
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somatization
when the symptoms are primarily physical
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kyoufushou (TKS)
phobia of confronting others. similar to social anxiety, tks is a fear specifically triggered in social situations. tks involves physical symptoms, many of which are psychosomatic
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kyoufushou (TKS)
phobia of confronting others. similar to social anxiety, tks is a fear specifically triggered in social situations. tks involves physical symptoms, many of which are psychosomatic
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cultural competence
3 aspects : therapist necessary to recognise their own cultural influences, should develop knowledge about the cultural background of their client and the kind of expectations clients have, therapist need to sharpen the appropriate skills for intervening during sessions in ways that are culturally sensitive and relevant
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cosmopolitanism
is the idea that all human beings are, or could or should be, members of a single community.
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cosi concerns
causation, operationalizstion, sampling, interpretation
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minimal difference approach
match two cultural groups in all non-cultural variables (age, SES, gender, education) so that the only difference left is the cultural value of interest
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moderace bias
answer in the middle
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extremetiy bias
answer 1 or 7 uiterste
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acquiescence bias
Chinese agree more strongly, agreeing to multiple items
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high vs low power distance
the extent to which inequality between individuals is accepted in a society (By less powerful members)
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uncertainty tolerance vs avoidance
the amount of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules
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masculinity vs feminity
the extent to which social gender roles are distinct and emphasis is placed on feminine vs masculine values
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long-term vs short-term orientation
the extend to which individuals direct their actions on future rewards vs. present (& past) rewards g
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indulgence vs restraint orientation
the extend to which society allows free gratification of basic human drives related to enjoying life
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BII Harmony (vs conflict)
feelings and attitudes towards cultures
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BII blendedness (vs compertamentalization)
Organization and structure of cultural orientations
