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Biological > Culture > Flashcards

Culture Flashcards

1
Q

Collectivist vs individualistic (triandis 1995)

A 
Collectivist 
- Eastern European (Japan, China)
- group goals 
- norms 
- intrapersonal rels
Individualistic 
- western (U.S., Australia, Europe)
- individual goals 
- personal needs 
- interpersonal rel
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2
Q

Problems with vs

A

Too simplistic
Stereotyping
Disregard for subcultures

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3
Q

Mothering in eastern cultures study

A

Alpuna 1997
Hindu Indians practice different mothering - encourage a closer bond to other members of the family than the mother
Japanese - close mother-infant bond

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4
Q

Western cultures - cultural practices study

A

Takahashi 1999
Focus on how specific cultural practices and beliefs influence cognition, social and emotional Dev
Biology and culture have evolved together

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5
Q

Enculturation study

A

Cole and cagigas 2010
The role of culture, the world that the child encounters is social (cultural) the child needs to actively acquire cultural resources

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6
Q

Cultural artefacts - study

A

Hanato 1997
The abacus is encouraged in Japan
Leads to amazing speed and mental calculation

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7
Q

Crawling study

A

Hopkins and westra 1989, 1990
In Jamaica 29% of infants skip crawling, only 17% British
Another study found 40% of US skipped it

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8
Q

Bathing study

A

Bril 1988
U.S. And Europe babies bathed laying down and soft dabbing
Mali - hold baby by armpit, scrub and shake til dry

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9
Q

Sitting and standing study

A

Bril 1997
French infants spend 50/69% of time laying down
Uganda, Botswana and Mali 40-90% sitting/standing

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10
Q

3 motor Dev studies

A 
Brobstein 1996
Verbal posture linked strengthening of muscles, increased adrenal hormones, blood pressure - increased attention 
Iverson 2010
Motor Dev predicts Lang Dev 
Piek et Al 
Longitudinal study 
4 years - school age 
Motor Dev predicts later cog Dev eg working memory
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11
Q

Change blindness study

A

Simons and levin 1997
Asians more accurately detect changes in background and find it more difficult to detect changes in focal object in for ground
Nisbett et al 2001
Europeans other way round

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12
Q

Eye tracking study

A

Chua et al 2005
Eye tracking on Americans found they fixate on focal
Chinese on background

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13
Q

Conversation study

A

Martini 1996
Conversations at dinner
Japanese - group/shared
U.S. - individual

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14
Q

Socialisation and EF effected by parenting study

A

Ensor and Hughes
Importance of scaffolding
Adverse effects of disorganised and unpredictable family life

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15
Q

Educational practices

A

In Korea, self control (inhibition) is encouraged in classroom and home settings
Chao and tseng 2005
Parents encourage it in everyday life

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16
Q

Vygotsky

A

Social constructivist
Socio cultural context (not just child) moulds Dev
Language as psychological tool

17
Q

WEIRD

A

Henrich et al 2010

95% of studies carried out on western, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic

18
Q

Point of it

A

To examine what is universal and what is open to enviro influence
Differences in emotions, development, well being, gender stereotypes

19
Q

India-Hinduism views

A
  1. Marriage is viewed as a sacrament, that sows the seeds for thousands of years as it determines genetic inheritance, therefore should be arranged by families not individuals
  2. Karma and endless belief of life and death
20
Q

Study on Indian parenting

A

Saraswathi et al 1998

  1. Children are for strengthening marital bond and procreation
  2. Good child has good values, is respectful and obedient
  3. Good parents enforces rules to make a good child
  4. Older members of the family are main sources or rearing beliefs
21
Q

Chinese and English child rearing practices studies

A

Pearson and rao 2003
Chinese mothers report stronger emphasis on academic achievement and greater Use of authoritarian practices
Hardwood et al 1995
American parents put emphasis on self maximisation - being smart doing well in life, careers, self reliance and competence

22
Q

Eastern cultures have become increasingly westernised

A

Tobin et al 2004

23
Q

TOM AND EF STUDY

A

Sabbagh et al 2006
Compared Chinese preschoolers to previously studied U.S. Sample
Chinese outperformed on EF but no TOM

Biological (14 decks)

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