Long Term Memory Systems

Question 1

Non-declarative/implicit/procedural memory

Answer 1

Reflected through changes in Beh
Doesn’t involve conscious recollection
Preserved in people with amnesia

Question 2

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 2

Problems remembering events prior to amnesia

Question 3

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 3

Impairment in ability to remember new info learned after amnesia

Question 4

Declarative/explicit memory

Answer 4

LTM for facts and events that can be declared
Involved conscious recollection
Impaired in people with amnesia

Question 5

Causes of amnesia

Answer 5

Bilateral stroke
Closed head injury (cog impairments)
Chronic alcohol abuse
Bilateral damage to the hippocampus and other regions

Question 6

Serial positions effects Ashcraft

Answer 6

Ppts asked to learn a long list of words and then write down as many as possible
Most words in middle of list are forgotten
Primacy recency effect (p: LTM R:STM)

Question 7

Levels of processing

Answer 7

Craik and Lockhart 1972
Making things meaningful makes them more memorable
Report levels of processing is better recall
Distinctiveness and elaboration

Question 8

Self-reference effect

Answer 8

Rogers we al (1977)
Ppts asked to process lists of words according to;
Words physical characteristics
Acoustic, semantic characteristics and whether the word could be applied to themselves
First two poor, semantic good but best self reference

Question 9

Context dependent memory

Answer 9

Godden and baddeley 1975
Learning and test phase
If learning and test phase the same then better recall

Question 10

Retrieval-based learning

Answer 10

Karpicke 2012
Study, retrieval
Effects appear to last over time

Question 11

Expecting to teach effect

Answer 11

Ppts learnt more when expecting to teach over expecting to be tested

Question 12

Permastore

Answer 12

Analogy to permanently frozen polar regions

Refers to long term stable memories

Question 13

Bartlett and ‘war of the ghosts’

Answer 13

He was interested in what happens when info is passed from one culture to another
Used native North American story
Conventionalisation, transformation, omission and commission
Didn’t retell the story verbatim but reconstructed on what there expectations were
Came from this schema/script

Question 14

Schema/script?

Answer 14

The use of the past to deal with new experiences

Question 15

Function of schemas

Answer 15

to help people understand incoming info
Categorise new instances, guide interpretation and attention
Don’t have to be accurate

Question 16

How do schemas effect recall?

Answer 16

People remember more details relevant to their schemas

Question 17

Weapon focus effect

Answer 17

To presence of a weapon causes eye witnesses to fail to recall other details

Question 18

Influence of stress and anxiety on memory

Answer 18

Negatively impacts eyewitness identification accuracy

But can also enhance memory too - plane nearly crashed into sea passenger remembered details well

Question 19

Post event distortion

Answer 19

Loftus and Palmer 1974
Ppts watched a multiple car accident and asked to describe what happened
Depending on words used a week later changed how they recalled the info

Question 20

Eyewitness talk

Answer 20

Peterson and kemp

Memory conformity