Hearing, Taste, Movement

Question 1

Frequency

Answer 1

Number of compressions per time, relates to perceived pitch

Question 2

Amplitude

Answer 2

Intensity of sound wave, relates to loudness

Question 3

Pinna

Answer 3

Outer ear

Question 4

Tympanic membrane

Answer 4

Eardrum

Question 5

Cochlea

Answer 5

3 fluid filled tunnels

Question 6

Auditory nerve

Answer 6

Nerve bundle

Question 7

Primary auditory cortex

Answer 7

Allows us to distinguish between frequencies

Question 8

Place theory

Answer 8

Each area of the basilar membrane refers to specific pitch

Question 9

Frequency theory

Answer 9

Vibrations of basilar membrane in sync with sound waves

Question 10

Conductive deafness

Answer 10

Damage of bones of middle ear

Any age, temporary if treated, by disease, tumours, infections

Question 11

Nerve deafness

Answer 11

Damage of cochlea, hair cells, auditory nerve

Often early, inherited, prenatal problems

Question 12

Humans can hear sounds at what frequency

Answer 12

20hz to 20khz

Question 13

Vestibular organ

Answer 13

Detects position and movement of head

Critical for balance

Question 14

Papillae

Answer 14

Taste buds

Question 15

Taste buds…

Answer 15

Behave like neurons, release neurotransmitters to excite electrons, but just modified skin cells which can be replaced

Question 16

Olfactory receptor cells

Answer 16

Nasal cavity
Hundreds of types
For many different chemicals

Question 17

Olfactory bulb

Answer 17

Processes the info

Of the limbic system

Question 18

Vomeronasal sensation

Answer 18

More important in non human animals, detects odourless chemicals (sexual)
Receptors at olfactory bulb
Women’s menstrual cycle?

Question 19

Damage to primary auditory cortex

Answer 19

Difficulty in responding to sequences of sounds

Question 20

Huntington’s disease

Answer 20

1 in 10,000
30-50 years of age
Motor disorders - arm jerks, facial movements
Psychological disorders - depression anxiety, hallucinations
Gradual brain damage to basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral cortex
Strong genetic influence

Question 21

Sound waves

Answer 21

Periodic compressions (of air) causing vibrations

Question 22

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 22

1-2% people over 65
Motor disorders - spontaneous, rigidity, slowness
Cognitive disorders- imagining movements and events
Gradual death of neurons in substantia nigra (midbrain) decreased dopamine activity
Genetic. Some exposure to toxins

Question 23

Skeletal muscles (striated)

Answer 23

Control movement of body in relation to enviro

Long cylicindrical with stripes

Question 24

Smooth muscles

Answer 24

Control internal organs

Long thin cells

Question 25

Cardiac muscles

Answer 25

Heart muscles

Fuse together at points, contract together (pump)

Question 26

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 26

Synapse of muscle fibre, and motor neuron axon

Each muscle fibre, innervated by 1 motor neuron axon

Question 27

Skeletal muscle movements

Answer 27

Acetylcholine released by axons… Muscle contracted

Question 28

Primary motor cortex

Answer 28

Map of areas of body movements
Stimulation to each spot causes specific movement
Active even when we think about movement

Question 29

Prefrontal cortex (movement)

Answer 29

Plans movement for probable outcome, responds to light, noises

Question 30

Supplementary motor cortex

Answer 30

Plans sequence of movement

Question 31

Posterior parietal cortex (movement)

Answer 31

Responds to visual and tactile stimuli

Question 32

Basal ganglia (movement)

Answer 32

Initiates actions

Question 33

Cerebellum (movement)

Answer 33

Precise timing, attention, balance