culture and identity

Question 1

what is organic solidarity?

Answer 1

model where people are bound together based on their dependence on each other

Question 2

what is mechanical solidarity?

Answer 2

model where people are similar in terms of status

Question 3

what is Anomie?

Answer 3

normlessness

Question 4

what are the 2 parts the structure of society is devided into according to Marxism?

Answer 4

the economic base (means of production),
the superstructure (institutions)

Question 5

what is the surplus value?

Answer 5

when the workers who produce goods do not get the full value of their work

Question 6

what is ISA and who created this definition?

Answer 6

IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUS institutions that spread doinant ideology. Made by Althusser

Question 7

who created definition false needs?

Answer 7

Marcuse

Question 8

who argues family insists capitalist values?

Answer 8

Zaretsky

Question 9

what is hegemony?

Answer 9

dominant ideology

Question 10

who argues that society can no longer be understood through the grand theories?

Answer 10

michael foucault

Question 11

who argues that society is changing rapidly, there’s uncertainity and risk?

Answer 11

Pakulski and Waters

Question 12

who argues that class is dead?

Answer 12

Pakulski and Waters

Question 13

who argues there are pick ‘n’ mix identities?

Answer 13

pakulski and waters

Question 14

who argues that identities are influenced by pop culture?

Answer 14

Strinati

Question 15

who created the concept ‘interaction order?’

Answer 15

goffman

Question 16

what are the 2 types of classifiation?

Answer 16

individual, categoric

Question 17

what does ‘impression management” mean?

Answer 17

interaction is a form of role playing

Question 18

what is civil inattention?

Answer 18

everyday situations are governed by the set of informal rules

Question 19

who introduced the proccess of labelling?

Answer 19

Becker

Question 20

who argues we attach meanings to symbols?

Answer 20

Mead

Question 21

“The Self”consists of 2 parts:

Answer 21

I - what i feel about myself
Me - how others see me

Question 22

who argues that we develop the sense of ourselves by interpreting the messages we recieve from others?

Answer 22

Cooley

Question 23

what are the main features of liberal feminism?

Answer 23

• equaity legislation
• slow social change
• believe the progress have been already made

Question 24

who makes a key distinction between sex and gender?

Answer 24

Ann Oakley

Question 25

who believes women now have more choice?

Answer 25

Somerville

Question 26

what are the key features of radical feminism?

Answer 26

- patriarchal opression is universal. it's direct and personal - men exploit women with free domestic labour - patriarchy controles women's bodies

Question 27

who argues domestic violence is central to the male supermacy. Rape and harrasment are part of systematic opression?

Answer 27

Brownmiller

Question 28

who argues that the roots of women's opression lie in their biological ability to have children?

Answer 28

Firestone

Question 29

who argues women should live separately from men?

Answer 29

Greer

Question 30

what are the key features of marxist feminism?

Answer 30

-women's subordination because of capitalism -results from their unpaid housewife role as it puts them in an economically dependent position - believe women are reserved army of labour

Question 31

who argues women's roles also suport the capitalist ideology to maintain positive feelings for the capitalist system to continue?

Answer 31

Barrett

Question 32

who argues women are takers of shit?

Answer 32

Fran Ansley

Question 33

what are the key features of difference feminism?

Answer 33

- takes class into consideration - takes black women into consideration - takes sexuality into consideration * they all experience patriarchy differently

Question 34

who argues feminism is guilty of false universality?

Answer 34

bell hooks

Question 35

who examines family diversity from a lesbian perspective?

Answer 35

Calhoun

Question 36

who argues thatt family provides a child with an identity through the imitative play?

Answer 36

Baumeister

Question 37

who argues that children are able to define their gender by 2-3 y.o.?

Answer 37

Durkin

Question 38

who argues that family is a personality factory?

Answer 38

parsons

Question 39

who introduces the concept of hidden curriculum?

Answer 39

Althusser

Question 40

who argues that socialisation is active?

Answer 40

giddens

Question 41

who argues humanity subjects like history connect individual to society through the sense of pride?

Answer 41

durkeim

Question 42

who argues we need to create counter hegemonic bloc?

Answer 42

Antonio Gramsci

Question 43

who argues old people have less status as they are less useful for capitalism

Answer 43

marx

Question 44

who argues that factors like gender, ethnicity, sexuality and consumption are more important indicators of identity rather than social class?

Answer 44

Clarke and Saunders

Question 45

who argues there's a rise of third age?

Answer 45

Laslett

Question 46

who argues that high culture provides middle class with cultural capital?

Answer 46

Bourdieu

Question 47

who argues individuals are puppets on a string?

Answer 47

Taylor

Question 48

what is a metanarrative?

Answer 48

grand story

Question 49

3 key areas of marxism

Answer 49

- structural conflict theory - class conflit and exploitation - ideology and socialisation

Question 50

4 key areas of interactionism

Answer 50

- action-based theory - interaction over structural inequality - labelling theory - socialisation into an identity

Question 51

what is meritocracy?

Answer 51

the belief that if you work hard, you'll be rewarded

Question 52

what is Moral panic?

Answer 52

when the media scapegoats groups that are seen as a threat to society and then society turns them into folk devils

Question 53

Which of the following criticisms of the labelling theory was by Akers?

Answer 53

The labelling theory doesn't explain why some people get labelled and others do not. Until it can explain this it will remain an incomplete theory.

Question 54

what values are taught in the family? (particularistic or universalistic)

Answer 54

Particularistic values

Question 55

Is our modern society characterised by homogeneity or heterogeneity?

Answer 55

heterogenity

Question 56

What type of solidarity was characteristic of a pre-industrial society?

Answer 56

mechanical solidarity

Question 57

Which theory agree with the Functionalist views of the family, emphasising that the role of the father is crucial and that 'father absentism' can have a detrimental impact on a son's primary socialisation

Answer 57

New right

Question 58

stonewall statistics on sexual identities

Answer 58

- 112% rise in hate crimes - 50% experience depression - 80% experience hate crimes - 11.9% of characters are LGBT

Question 59

Key dates for sexual identities

Answer 59

2004 - civil partnerships act 2010 - equality act 2013 - marriage

Question 60

the proportions of sexual identities stats

Answer 60

- 2022 - 93% are straight in UK - 2021 - 70% are straight worldwide - 46% of 18-24 year olds identify as strictly hetero

Question 61

disability stats

Answer 61

- 23% of disabled in the UK - 47% are unemployed

Question 62

3 ways of stigma management

Answer 62

1. try to hide it 2. admit and relieve interaction tension 3. protest agains the stigma

Question 63

2 different models of disability

Answer 63

- social model of disability - the attitudes and physical barriers imposed by society affect the individual - medical model of the disability - disability itself affects the individual

Question 64

2 impacts of globalisation on ethnic identities

Answer 64

- negative: pop culture makes ethnic groups homogeneus - positive: new cultural and hybrid identities emerge

Question 65

2 types of an identity

Answer 65

-personal: personal details - social: us in relation to a group

Question 66

4 types of masculinity + sociologist

Answer 66

Connell 1. hegemonic 2. complicit (new man) 3. subordinate (gay men) 4. marginalised (jobless)

Question 67

4 ways the family reinforce gender identities? + sociologist

Answer 67

Oakley 1. manipulation 2. canalisation 3. verbal apellations 4. domestic activities

Question 68

5 gender codes + sociologist

Answer 68

Statham 1. colour codes 2. appearance codes 3. toy codes 4. play codes 5. control codes

Question 69

explaination of the warm bath theory + sociologist

Answer 69

Parsons wife and family are a metaphorical warm bath - tensions from work disappear

Question 70

hidden curriculum in relation to gender identity

Answer 70

- school organisation - subject choice - teacher attitudes - language

Question 71

5 ways that education reinforces gender identities + sociologist

Answer 71

Francis - gendered verbal behaviour - gendered physical behaviour - gendered classroom behaviour - gendered pursuits - role of the teacher

Question 72

2 ways that the media reinforces gender identities

Answer 72

1. stereotypical representations - women's portrayal in the media 2. through advertisements

Question 73

features of the crisis of masculinity

Answer 73

- decline in traditional male jobs - decline in traditional male role in the family - decline of male power in society - rise of new man - technology - men are less neccessary to have children - underachievement in education - rise of gay movement

Question 74

feminisation of economy + sociologist

Answer 74

Wilkinson - sexual equality is at its brightest - feminisation of the workplace allows women to be more ambitious

Question 75

different social experience in relation to sexuality

Answer 75

- LGBTQ people are stigmatised - they are a subject to disacrimination - subject to verbal or physical abuse - different leisure activities - low representation in the media - experience of heteronormativity