THEORY SOCIOLOGISTS Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Who argued humans have an interpretive phase whereby they choose the apropriate response?
A
Mead
2
Q
Who argued social facts don’t determine behaviour and we have a free will?
A
Douglas
3
Q
Who argued that laws are discoverabel through inductive reasoning? (collecting and measuring data → forming patterns)
A
Durkheim
4
Q
Who argued that sociology should be studied like natural science?
A
Comte
5
Q
Who argued that the aim of the sociology is to study ‘social facts’?
A
Durkheim
6
Q
Who gained the understanding of domestic violence experience via informal interviews?
A
Dobash and Dobash
7
Q
WHo argued that scientific theories of gender differences are influenced by the patriarchal ideology?
A
Fausto-Sterling
8
Q
Who argued that objective knowledge is white, wester, male desire to dominate nature and women?
A
Benton and Craib
9
Q
Who argued that science is a metanarrative?
A
Lyotard
10
Q
Who argued falsificationism?
A
Popper
11
Q
Who argued there are 2 systems of science:closed and open?
A
Bhaskar
12
Q
Who argued other much of sociology is scientific because it develops models of underlying structures?
A
Keat and Urry
13
Q
Who argued paradigms?
A
Kuhn
14
Q
Who argued that different paradigms existed in the history of science?
A
Anderson
15
Q
Who aruged values should influence the research on each stage except data collection?
A
Weber
16
Q
Who argued that value freedom is a value-laden term. It’s a convenient ideology that serves career interests of sociologists who seek funding?
A
Gouldner
17
Q
Who argued sociologists should be open about their values so that others can see if there’s an unconscious bias?
A
Weber
18
Q
COMMITTED SOCIOLOGY: What did Ann Oakley argue?
A
- By actively taking part of the research the researcher can gain trust of those they study
- We should reflect on how our values shape the research (reflexivity)
- Feminist researcher should take the side of the opressed
19
Q
COMMITTED SOCIOLOGY: What did Becker argue?
A
- All knowledge favours somebody → we should choose who to favour
- Those at the top of society are seen as more credible → they have more resources to produce objective evidence → this evidence favours them
- The sociologist should help the underdog find the voice
20
Q
COMMITTED SOCIOLOGY: What did Gouldner argue?
A
- The research is inevitably influenced by the theoretical perspective → value freedom is value laden
- The idea of value freedom is a refusal to criticise society
- Not taking sides supports the powerful
The research is inevitably influenced by the theoretical perspective
21
Q
Who argued that education teaches moral values to boost collective conscience?
A
Durkheim
22
Q
Who argued that society is in the state of social equilibrium - constantly moving? What’s an example?
A
Parsons
e.g. economic changes such as industrialisation → changes in emplyment
23
Q
Who argued structural differentiation, whereby more specialised institutions develop to meet functional needs? What’s an example?
A
Parsons
e.g. family was responsible for education → educational institutions
24
Q
Who outlined 5 sets of norms - pattern variables? Give 3 examples
A
Parsons
1. Ascribed status → achieved
2. Particularism → universalism
3. Collective orientation → self-orientation
25
Who made the organic analogy? What is it briefly?
Parsons
Organs in the body work together for the same goal - survival. So are institutions in society - value consensus. Each organ/instituion has a specialised function
26
Who outlined the GAIL model? What is it? What are the variables?
Parsons
It's the model that outlines the functional prerequisites that need to be fulfilled to maintain stability
1. Goal attainment - society sets gals and allocates resources to achieve them - political system
2. Adaptation - material needs and resources to achieve goals - economic system
3. Integration - coordinating all parts, leading to the shared goals and the sense of belongingness - law, education, media
4. Latency - maintaining society, preserving commitment to culture and values - religion, family
27
What are the 3 Merton's criticisms?
1. Functional indispensabiity (everything is perfect in its existing form e.g. primary socialisation by nuclear family) → Functional alternatives (different forms of the same institution may perform the same function e.g. single parent families)
2. Functional unity (all parts of society are integrated, change in ole will affect the other) → Functional autonomy (many parts operating independently)
3. Functional universalism (everything carries a positive function) → Dysfunction (some things may work for ones and disadvantge the others)
28
Who argued deskilling?
Braverman
29
Who argued family 'cuddles' you, helping you forget the exploitation?
Zaretsky
30
Who argued that media is the new opium of people?
Miliband
31
Wh argued the family reproduces class inequality - this institution appeared for the ruling class to pass down generational wealth?
Engels
32
Who disagreed with Marx on 2 things:
- Domination of the bourgeoisie isn't monolithic
- Economic forces alone wouldn't bring about the revolutionary change
Gramsci (Humanistic Marxism)
33
Who argued the working class have to create a counter hegemoic bloc?
Gramsci
34
Who rejected the base-superstructure view and argued capitalism operates on: economic, political, ideological levels?
Althusser (Structural Marxism)
35
Who argued welfare policies create a feral underclass?
Murray
36
Who argued that conflict is not only driven by class, but also by status and party?
Weber
37
Which NR sociologist argued that family values, religious values and hard work are crucial?
Murray
38
Who argued that the society is mobile and the most able succeed?
Saunders
39
Who argued there's no ruling class as we are all shareholders owning the means of production?
Saunders
40
Who argued that in order for society to be fair, inheritance should be removed?
Durkheim
41
Who argued that sociology is too left-wing and right wing publications are blocked by peer review?
Saunders
42
Who argued target hardening - restricting opportunities for crime?
Wilson and Hernstein
43
Who argued that social action should be undersood on 2 levels? What are the levels?
Max Weber
1. Level of cause - objective factors causing the behaviour
2. Level of meaning - subjective motivation/meaning attached to the action
44
Who argued 2 approaches to verstehen? What are these?
Max Weber
1. Observational - external observable signs to understand the motivations
2. Explanatory - explaining these actions in terms of motivations
45
Who outlined 4 Ideal types of action? Affective, traditional, value-rational and instrucmentally-rational
Weber
46
Who outlined 3 types of authority? Traditional, rational-legal, charismatic
Weber
47
Who argued that rationalisation and bureaucracy lead to the world being demystified of its magic - disenchantment?
Weber
48
Who argued that capitalism originated because Calvinists were reinvesting all the profits into work because of ascetism?
Weber
49
Who argued the 'duality of structure' whereby social structure is an integral part of action?
Giddens (Structuration theory)
50
Who argued that structure is 'rules' and action is 'resources'? Rules shape our access to resurces, but resources can be used to change rules
Giddens (Structuration theory)
51
Who argued society is organised around extreme gender differences that we are made to believe are biological?
Oakley
52
Who argued that while women are still disadvantaged in the family, they now have more rights in terms of who to marry or to go to work?
Sommerville
53
Who argued women's ability to give birth → dependency on men?
Firestone
54
Who argued male violence is central to male supremacy and rape is a part of systematic oppression?
Brownmiller
55
Who argued women are going to suffer from male power as long as they live in the same household → matrilocal communities
Greer
56
Who argued the ideology of familism whereby the division of labour is made to seem normal and the idea of fulfilment through motherhood is insisted?
Barrett
57
Who argued women absorb anger that would otherwide be focused on capitalist bosses (women are takers of shit)
Ansley
58
Who argued feminism is guilty of false universality - the idea that there's a unified form of oppression?
bell hooks
59
Who argued slavery had a huge impact on African families because men were separated → women were lone parents?
Hill Collins
60
Who argued it's not family that leads to female exploitation, but patriarchal heterosexual marrages?
Calhoun (family form a lesbian perspective)
61
Who argued feminists shouldn't try to adapt the Enlightenment project to include all women? Instead we should deconstruct discourses that oppress women through their knowledge
Butler (poststructural feminism)
62
Who argued that patriarchy is a system which dominates and exploints women and consists of:
- Private patriarchy
- Public patriarchy
Sylvia Walby (Dual Systems feminism)
63
Who argued material class conflict was the first form of stratification?
Engels
64
Who argued against Weber, saying capitalism pre-dated calvinism and calvinist ideas were adopted by capitalists to justify the pursuit of profit
Kautsky
65
Who argued sexism can appear at all stages of the research? Name 3
Eichler
1. Androcentricity - the world from a male perspective
2. Familism - sociology uses family as a unit of social analysis → subsumes female experience
3. language of the research - sex-specific questions
66
Who argued against difference feminism saying that women share a common oppression despite the differences?
Walby
67
Who argued traditional sociological research focuses on issue of interest to men and feminist reseach should be conducted by women?
Harding
68
Who argued that value free research should be replaced by conscioud partiality, identifying with women's concerns
Maria Mias
69
Who argued that feminists can't take on the moral authority to decide that all women need to be emancipated?
Hammersley
70
Who argued that traditional research focused on men, assuing it will apply to women too?
Smart
71
Who used unstructured interviews to research women's experience of housework and said that an interview should be a discussion based on equality?
Oakley
72
Who argued that focus groups is a more natural method because it imitates the rel-life communication?
Wilkinson
73
Who argued that objective truths are undiscoverable?
Lyotard
74
Who aargued organised capitalism whereby the nation state used to regulate the production in modern societies
Lash and Urry
75
Who argued tht modern identity was predictable and formed by structural factors whereas postmodern identity has become less certain?
Bradley
76
Who argued our identity is gained through consumption choices? (designer labels, media lifestyles and imges)
Bauman
77
Who argued that high culture is cultural creations with high status seen as superior to everything else?
Haralambos and Holborn
78
Who argued high culture is the preserve of a very few, involving the aspectd which can only be understood by a few?
Davis
79
Who argued high and low culture are merging?
Strinati
80
Who argued high culture is not superior, it's just different?
Strinati
81
Who argued media imagery is an important source of identity?
Strinati
82
Who argued all forms of knowledge are valid → relativity of knowledge
Foucault
83
Who argued time and space compresion?
Harvey
84
Who argued global risk society and risk consciousness?
Beck
85
Who argued TNCs are owned and controlled by a small number of elite forming 'global capitalist elite'?
Sklair
86
Who argued disorganised capitalism whereby TNCs have more power than governments?
Lash and Urry
87
Who argued flexible accumulation whereby capitalists achieve profitability through making employees flexible (e.g. customised products for iche markets)
Harvey
88
Who believe that Marxism can be used to understand postmodernity?
Harvey / Jameson
89
Who argued postmodernity = more developed form of capitalism, commodifying all aspects of life, including identities?
Jameson
90
Who argued the features of late modernity are disembedding and reflexivity?
Giddens
91
Who argued late modern society has a 'global risk consciousness'?
Giddens
92
Who argued capitalism ignores the growing inequalities of wealth and instead of representing a new type of society, just highlights the success of capitalism?
Philo and Miller
93
Who argued that postmodern rejection of the Enlightenment project is pessimistic → knowledge should be used to solve problems?
Harvey
94
Who argued against Beck's 'risk society' whereby risks are a result of technology and says that it's capitalism that created risk by pursuing profit above ll, not technology?
Rustin
95
Who argued 'looking glass self' - looking to others to have our identity confirmed?
Cooley
96
Who argued we give meanings to things by attaching symbols?
Mead
97
Who argued that if people define situation as real, it will have real consequences? If we believe something is true it will affect how we act
Thomas
98
Who argued labelling can lead to a master status?
Becker
99
Who argued social actors manipulate their performance to manage others' impressions of them?
Goffman
100
Who used unstructured interviews to study labelling in education → uncovered the meaning of 'ideal pupil'?
Becker
101
Who argued the world only makes sense because we impose meaning and order it by constructing mental categories?
Husserl
102
Who argued the meaning of actions depends on the context?
Shutz
103
Who argued classification of objects is collective, not individual and typifications are categories that are shared with others?
Shutz
104
Who argued typifications are built up into a stock of common sense knowledge - recipe knowledge?
Shutz
105
Who found the police used typifications to label the potential offender?
Cicourel
106
Who argued the social world can only exist as a shared world where we share meanings?
Cicourel
107
Who argued that suicide ISN'T a social construction: people do kill themselves and the sociologist's role is to explain their actions?
Taylor (Realism)
108
Who used unstrcutured interviews and documents to uncover how coroners decide whether to categorise death as suicide? Outlined that suicide is a social construct
Atkinsons
109
Who carried out breaching experiments showing how people create social order?
Garfinkel
110
Who argued indexicality (we interpret situations depending on the context) and reflexivity (trying to explain events in terms of the underlying patterns → use these to justify our belief in existence of underlying patterns)?
Garfinkel
111
Who coined the definitions of social and sociological problems?
1. Sociological - anny pattern of relatonships that calls for explanation
2. Social - something that is seen as harmful and needs to be solved
Worsley
112
Who argued that sociology would use cience to discover tha causes and providing solutions to social problems?
Comte and Durkheim
113
Who measured the extent and causes of poverty in the UK → suggested policied like progressive taxation and more welfare spending?
Townsend (political left)
114
Which report made 37 policy reccomendations for reducing class inequality?
The Black Report (1980)
115
Who argued sociology can help us in our lives in 9 ways? Name 4
Giddens
1. Providing a theoretical framework (e.g. conservative gov was influenced by Murray)
2. Identifying social problems
3. Providing evidence
4. Identifying unintended consequences of policies (e.g. if designing crime out has just displaced crime)
116
Who criticised Townsend, calining that encouraging welfare buys off the w/c and prevents them from realising their true interests?
Westgaard / Resler
117
Who argued sociologists should be 'interpreters' not 'legislators'?
Bauman
