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Step 1- System embryology, A and P > CV > Flashcards

CV Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Cause of transposition of great vessels

A

failure of truncus arteriosis to spiral

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2
Q

cause of tertology of fallot

A

skewed AP septum development

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3
Q

cause of persisant trunctus arteriosis

A

partial AP Septum development

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4
Q

eisnmenger’s syndrome

A

initial left to right shunt reversing to right to left due to onset of pulmonary hypertension

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5
Q

foreamen primum is on the ____ of the atrial septum

A

bottom

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6
Q

foramen ovale develops from the

A

foramen secundum

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7
Q

fetal hemoglobin chains

A

a2g2

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8
Q

when bone marrow starts erythopoesis

A

22 wks development on

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9
Q

erythropesis organs during early development

A

liver and spleen

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10
Q

helps close the PDA

A

indomethacin

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11
Q

keep the PDA open

A

prostaglandins E1 and E2

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12
Q

path of fetal circulation

A

umbilical vein –> ductus venosus –> foramen ovale, ductus –> aorta –> systemic baby circulation/umbilical arteries

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13
Q

RCA supplies

A

SA and AV nodes

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14
Q

most common coronary artery to be occluded

A

LAD

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15
Q

coronary arteries fill during

A

diastole

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16
Q

supplies lateral and posterier walls of LV

A

L circumflex

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17
Q

LAD supplies

A

anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum, anterior surface of LV

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18
Q

supplies RV

A

acute marginal artery

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19
Q

Posterior decending supplies

A

posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum and posterior walls of ventricles

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20
Q

CO =

A

SV x HR

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21
Q

Fick principle

A

CO = rate of O2 consumption /(arterial o2 content-venous o2 content)

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22
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP) =

A

CO x total peripheral resistance or

2/3 diastolic pressure + 1/2 systolic pressure

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23
Q

Pulse pressure =

A

systolic pressure- diastolic pressure

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24
Q

sx of left atrium enlargement

A

dysphagia (pressure on esophagus)

hoarseness (pressure on left laryngeal nerve)

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25
effects stroke volume
contractility (direct effect) afterload (indirect effect) preload (direct effect)
26
venodilators lower
preload
27
vasodilators lower
afterload
28
starling's law
force of contraction is proportional to end diastolic lenght of cardiac muscle fiber (preload)
29
ejection fraction =
SV/EDV = (EDV-ESV)/EDV
30
normal EF
greater than 54% (lower is systolic HF)
31
total resistance in series
additive
32
total resistance in parrell
1/TR = 1/r1+1/r2......
33
can raise blood viscosity
polycythemia, hyperprotenemia, hereditay spherocytosis
34
at S3 the...
Mitral valve opens
35
S1 is the sound of
mitral valve/Tricuspid valve closing
36
S2 is the sound of
Aortic/pulmonic valve closing
37
highest pressure in the cardiac cycle
S2/Aortic vavle closure/ESV
38
time of the lowest presssure in the cardiac cycle
from when the mitral valve opens to when it closes
39
period of highest cardiac O2 consuption
isovolumetric contraction - from when mitral valve closes and aortic valve opens
40
rapid filling
period just after mitral vavle opening
41
When an S3 is heard
during rapid ventricular filling
42
conditions where an S3 might be heard
mitral regurg, CHF, dilated ventricles
43
when an S4 might be heard
late diastole
44
conditions where an S4 might be heard
ventricular hypertrophy
45
valve timing in cardiac cycle (LV)
mitral valve closes, aortic valve clses, aortic vavlve closes, mitral valve closes
46
dicrotic notch
at time of aortic vavle closure (S2)
47
QRS complex coresponds to what valve movement
mitral vavle closes
48
can cause wide splitting
anything that delays RV emptying
49
can cause fixed splitting
ASD,
50
can cause paradoxical splitting
anything that delays LV emptying
51
murmurs in Aortic area
(all systolic murmers) aortic stenosis
52
disastolic murmurs in left sternal border
aortic regurg, pulmonic regerg,
53
systolic murmurs in left sternal border
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
54
systolic murmurs in pulmonic area
pulmonic stenosis
55
pansystolic murmurs in tricuspid area
tricuspid area, VSD
56
diastolic murmurs in tricuspid area
ASD, tricuspid stenosis
57
systolic murmur in mitral area
systolic murmur
58
diastolic mumur in mitral area
diastolic murmur
59
holosystolic blowing murmur
mitral - MVP | tricuspid - RV dialation
60
crecendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmor after click
Aortic stenosis
61
harsh, holosystolic murmur
VSD
62
late systolic crecendo murmur with midsystololic click
MVP
63
blowing diastolic decrescendo murmur
AR
64
delayed rumbling late diastolic murmur
MS
65
continuous machine-like murmur
PDA
66
Ventricular Phase 0
rapid upstroke - Na channels open
67
Ventricular Phase 1
initial repolarazation - inactivation of Na channels, opening of K channels
68
Ventricular Phase 2
plateau - Ca influx balances K efflux
69
Ventricular phase 3
rapid repolarization, massive K influx and closure of Ca channels
70
Ventricular phase 4
resting potential - high K permeability through channals
71
pacemaker phase 2
not present
72
pacemaker phase 3
inactiviation of the Ca channels and activation of the K channels (K efflux)
73
pacemaker phase 0
upstroke - opening of voltage gated Ca channels
74
P wave represents
Atrial depolarization
75
PR interval represents
conduction delay through AV node
76
QRS complex represents
ventricular depolarization
77
QT interval represents
mechanical contraction of the ventricles
78
ST segment represents
isoelectric, ventricles depolarized
79
U wave caused by
hypokalemia, bradycardia
80
causes congenital long QT
defects in cardiac sodium or potassium channels
81
treatment for long QT
magnesum sulfate
82
tx for A fib
rate control, anticoag, possible cardioversion
83
tx for a flutter
IA, IC, III antiarrithmycs/Beta blocker or CCB
84
tx for V fib
CPR and defib
85
ANP function
released by atrial myocytes in resoponse to high BP and atrial pressure. causes generalized vascula relaxation and decreased Na reabsorption at kidneys
86
good approximation of LA pressure
pulmonary wedge pressure

Step 1- System embryology, A and P (10 decks)

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