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Human Bio > CV and Respiratory Investigation > Flashcards

CV and Respiratory Investigation Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is emphysema

what happens, what does it result in

A

walls of alveoli lose elasticity due to damage alveolar walls
- lungs are constantly inflated -> exhalation isn’t anymore passive
- alveolar walls are often replaced with fiberous tissue -> these may break down

results in:
- inadequate surface area for gas exchange (inflation)
- difficulty ventilating in lungs

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2
Q

Emphysema causes

A
  • occupational exposures: people who work in a situation with a lot of dust, fumes and other irritants
  • smoking
  • high air pollution in big cities
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3
Q

Emphysema symptoms

4

A
  • shortness of breath
  • persistent cough
  • wheezing
  • muscle weakness
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4
Q

Emphysema treatments

4

A

no cure

  • bronchodilators inhalers -> relax muscles around airways
  • oxygen therapy
  • steriods -> reduce inflammation
  • surgery (like lung transplant for severe cases)
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5
Q

What is lung cancer

A

involves the development of a mass of cells that divides in an uncontrolled way (tumour)
- usually begins in walls of air passages (bronchi usually)
- excessive production of mucus -> inhaled irritants irritate mucus membrane lining air passages
- cells at base of the membrane begin to divide more rapidly
- mucus cannot be removed -> alveoli ruptures

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6
Q

Lung cancer causes

3

A
  • exposure to asbestos fibres and other pollutants
  • some chemical substances initiate cancerous growth, others promote it (tobacco does both)
  • air pollution
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7
Q

Lung cancer symptoms

5

A
  • persistent cough
  • coughing up blood or mucus
  • shortness of breath
  • chest pain
  • wheezing
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8
Q

Lung cancer treatments

5

A
  • surgery - remove tumour
  • radiation therapy - high energy rays kill cells
  • chemotherapy - uses drugs to kill cancer cells
  • targeted therapy - drugs target specific molecules in a cancer cell
  • immunotherapy - medicines that help body’s immune system fight cancer cells
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9
Q

What is asthma

A

a medical condition that causes difficulty breathing due to a narrowing of airways
- smooth muscles contract
- inflammation -> lining thickens and narrows diameter
- mucus fills airway bc of irritation of mucus membrane

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10
Q

Asthma causes

6: 3 allergic, 3 non-allergic

A
  • dust mites
  • mould
  • pollen
  • excercise
  • smoking
  • cold weather
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11
Q

Asthma symptoms

5

A
  • wheezing
  • coughing
  • shortness of breath
  • tight chest
  • breathlessness
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12
Q

Asthma treatments

3

A
  • inhalers -> relax airways
  • neubilisers
  • certain meds (prednisolone) for severe
  • allergy shots for allergic reactions
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13
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

Cystic fibrosis isa genetic condition that changes a protein in the body.

The faulty protein (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator or CFTR) affects the body’s cells, tissues, and the glands that make mucus and sweat.

Mucus may fill in bronchi. Often leads to respiratory infections.

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14
Q

Cystic fibrosis causes

A

genetics -> must inherited two pairs of the mutated gene (one from either parent- CFTR gene)

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15
Q

Cystic fibrosis symptoms

5

A
  • thick mucus
  • persistent wheezing
  • difficulty breathing
  • frequent lung infection
  • shortness of breath
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16
Q

Cystic fibrosis treatments

3

A
  • chest physiotherapy -> clears mucus from lungs
  • bronchodilators
  • CFTR modulators -> correct the underlyign defect in the CFTR protein
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17
Q

What is hypertension

A

abnormally high heart rate
140/90 mmHg or higher

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18
Q

Hypertension causes

4

A
  • obesity
  • unhealthy diet and lack of exercise
  • stress - raise bp
  • excessive alcohol consumption
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19
Q

How does obesity affect the heart

A

It puts extra strain to the heart

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20
Q

How does unhealthy diet affect the heart

A
  • contributes to plaque buildup
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21
Q

Hypertension symptoms

5

A
  • severe headaches
  • chest pain
  • difficulty breathing
  • dizziness
  • anxiety
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22
Q

Hypertension treatments

3

A
  • lifestyle changes (healthy diet, lose weight, physical activity, stress management, avoid excessive caffiene)
  • beta-blockers -> slow heart rate and lower bp
  • ACE inhibitors -> relax blood vessels
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23
Q

What is a stroke

A

occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted, either due to a blockage or rupture of a carotid artery
- deprives brain cells of oxygen and nutrients

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24
Q

Stroke causes

4

A
  • high bp
  • high cholesterol
  • diabetes
  • lack of physical activity
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25
How does a high bp affect the heart
weakens the blood vessel walls increases risk of plaque build-up and rupture
26
How does diabetes affect the heart
damages inner lining of blood vessels increases chance of clots
27
How do smoking and excessive alcohol consumption affect the heart
- damage blood vessels - increase bp
28
Stroke symptoms | 5
- trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying - numbness, weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg - problem seeing in one or both eyes - headache - trouble walking
29
Stroke treatments
- endovascular thrombectomy -> **remove plaque** - **carotid** angioplasty (widen blocked arteries) - thrombolysis -> meds to break down clots
30
what is atherosclerosis
**buildup (plaque) of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on artery walls**
31
atherosclerosis causes | 4
- high cholesterol and triglyceride levels - high bp - diabetes - obesity
32
atherosclerosis symptoms | 3
- angina, heart palpitations - coronary artery - muscle cramp - peripheral arteries - vision trouble - carotid artery
33
atherosclerosis treatments | 4
- ACE inhibitors & beta-blockers reduce load on heart and lower bp - angioplasty and stent placement - statins -> lower cholesterol - antiplatelets or anticoagulants
34
Why does the heart need its own blood vessels
heart muscles so thick that nutrients and oxygen inside heart wouldn’t be able to diffuse through all muscles quickly enough; so they need coronary arteries and heart veins
35
Describe coronary artery disease
*blockage (**blood clots - thrombosis**) of cornoary arteries* - *Choleserol deposits form a plaque* - ***narrower lumen of artery*** - *increases blood pressure* - *wall of artery is stiffer* -*plaque can rupture* - *blood clots can form -> if one breaks away, it may get stuck in smaller blood vessel and stop blood from coming though*
36
Coronary heart disease cause | 5
- smoking cigarettes - diet - obesity - stress - genes
37
Coronary heart disease symptoms | 5
- chest pain - heart palpitations - shortness of breath - fatigue - dizziness or lightheadedness | bc lack of oxygen to heart
38
Coronary heart disease treatments | 4
- statins -> lower cholesterol levels - antiplatelet meds -> reduce risk of blood clot - weight management -> reduces strain on heart - angioplasty - surgery - **coronary artery bypass graft** (reroutes blood flow around blocked arteries)
39
What is angina
**chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood**
40
Angina causes
- plaque build-up -> artery narrows -> reduced oxygen supply - ***coronary heart disease*** - **coronary microvascular disease**
41
Angina symptoms
- chest pain or discomfort - pain or discomfort spreading to other areas (especially left arm) - fatigue -> lack of oxygen to heart
42
Angina treatments
- Antiplatelet meds - thin blood to reduce blood clot risk - **nitrates** - dilate blood vessels - **calcium-channel blockers** - relax muscles of blood vessels and heart
43
Heart attack causes | 5
- coronary heart disease - high bp - high cholesterol - diabetes - obesity, unhealthy diet
44
Heart attack symptoms | 6
- chest, arm or shoulder pain - shortness of breath - dizziness - pain in back, neck or jaw - extreme fatigue - heart palpitations
45
Heart attack treatments | 4
- thrombolytics -> dissolves clots - statins -> lower cholesterol levels - surgery to open blocked artery (angioplasty and coronary artery bypass graft) - **nitroglycerins** -> improves blood flow through arteries
46
Materials transported by plasma | 5
**water** **dissolved substances -> nutrients and gases** - vital for cell function, cellular respiration and gas exchange - Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals - important ions **hormones** - e.g. insulin, adrenaline, thyroid hormones - regulate body processes like metabolism, growth, stress response **antibodies** - protect body from infections and diseases **wastes** - urea, creatine and uric acid
47
Materials transported by erythrocytes | 2
**oxygen** -> cellular respiration **carbon dioxide** -> removal of waste
48
Blood clotting process
- vasoconstriction of blood vessels - platelet plug - coagulation
49
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels | in blood clotting process
- smooth muscles of injured arterioles constrict immediately - reduces diameter, blood flow -> reduce blood loss
50
Platelet plug | in blood clotting process
damage to inside of vessel creates **rough surface** - platelets stick to rough wall and attract other platelets -> forms “platelet plug” - helps** reduce blood loss** - **platelets release substances that act as vasoconstrictors **-> enhances and prolongs vasoconstriction
51
Coagulation | in blood clotting process
activity of chemical substances called **clotting factors** in plasma increases - series of reactions results in formation of insoluble thread-like protein -> **Fibrin** - create platelet plug around network -> traps more blood cells, platelets and plasma - *build-up of material (blood clot) called a **thrombus*** - fibrin sticks to vessel and holds thrombus in place - **clot retraction** | for more severe cuts
52
Name types of ways leucocytes protect our body from diseases | 5
- phagocytosis - producing antibodies *(antibody mediated response)* - cell-mediated immunity - inflammatory responses - allergic responses
53
Which leucocytes help in phagocytosis
- neutrophils - monocytes
54
Which leucocytes help in producing antibodies
B-lymphocyte
55
What do antibodies do
target and neutralise pathogens
56
Which leucocyte helps in cell-mediated immunity
- T-lymphocytes
57
Which leucocyte helps in inflammatory response
- eosinophils
58
Which leucocyte helps in allergic responses
- basophils
59
Clot retraction
- after clot is formed, network of threads contract -> becoming denser and stronger -> pulls edges of damaged blood vessels together - clear yellow fluid called ***serum*** is squeezed out of cut - serum dries and scab is formed over wound -> prevents entry of micro-organisms
60
Heart attack
Heart muscle is deprived of oxygen due to a blockage

Human Bio (9 decks)

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