Flashcards in CVD Deck (48):
1
CVD risk factors can be assessed using...?
Q-risk 2
Score
Framingham Risk score
2
What is IHD usually caused by?
Atheroma
3
What does ischaemia in the heart lead to...?
Myocyte dyfunction/death
4
List IHD syndromes.
Angina pectoris
Acute coronary syndrome
Sudden cardiac death = Arrythmias
Chronic IHD
5
What are the 2 classifications of MI?
Differences?
Acute - full wall
Subendocardial - poorly perfused normally, infarct when hypotensive/angina
6
State how you would diagnosis an MI.
.Troponin
ECG: ST elevation
CK-MB
7
What are some of the complications after MI?
Arrythmias
Shock (LV failure)
Stroke (mural thrombus)
Dressler's syndrome (weeks/months post)
8
High BP --> Damage bv --> Damage organs.
What are some of the causes of 2" HTN (5%)
Renal - CKD, renal a stenosis
Endocrine: Conn's, Cushings, Pheochromocytoma, Hyperthyroid
CV: coarctation of aorta
Neurological: Sleep apnoea, increased ICP
9
What BP is classsified as hypertensive crisis?
BP > 180/120
URGENT TREATMENT
10
Pulmonary HTN can cause RV hypertrophy, hepatomegaly, Splenic congestion, peripheral oedema. What conditions can cause it?
COPD
Asthma
Interstitial Lung D
PE
11
The pathogenesis of LVHF is increased PRESSURE or DYSFUNCTION. What 3 conditons can lead to LVHF?
HTN
Valvular HD
MI
12
Symptoms of LVHF?
Pulmonary oedema
Orthopnoea
PND
Cyanosis
Blood in sputum
SOB
13
LVHF and Cor pulmonale can lead to what?
RVHF
14
is pleural/pericardial effusion seen in LVHF or RVHF? What else is seen?
RVHF
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Peripheral oedema
15
State 4 complications of both heart failures.
Chamber dilation
Hypertrophy
Cardiomegaly
Heart failure cells
16
70% of all Valvular Heart Disease (VHD) is done to.../
Aortic/mitral stenosis
17
What causes mitral stenosis with the classic fish mouth abnormality?
RHD
(autoimmune D after Strep A throat infection)
18
What does RHD cause in the heart?
PANCARDITIS
19
Which stenosis is caused by age-related calcification or 2 cusps?
Aortic stenosis
(can develop angina, CHF)
20
Aortic regurgitation can be caused by?
RHD
Endocarditis
Aortic root dilations
21
MVP stands for...? In mitral valve regurgitiation.
How would you diagnosis it?
Mitral Valve prolapse
ECHO
22
Which congenital heart defects (CHD) cause a L --> R shunt?
consequence?
VSD
ASD
AVSD
PDA
Pulmonary HTN
23
Which CHD cause a R --L shunt
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great vessels
Truncus arteriosus
Total anoamlous pulmonary venous conn
Tricuspid atresia
24
In which shunt in CHD do you get cyanosis?
R --> L shunt
25
Which CHD are due to valvular abnormalities and are obstructive?
Coarctation of aorta
Aortic stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis
26
In which CHD is a shunt REQUIRED FOR SURVIVAL?
If PDA + obstructive defect
Transposition of Great vessels
Tricuspid atresia
Total anomalous...
27
What are the vegetations made of that are in IE?
Organisms + thrombotic debris
28
How is IE classified?
Which one is less virulent/vague symptoms/ affects defective valve and often seen on wards?
Acute IE
Sub-acute IE* - antibiotics
29
Strep viridans (mouth), S. aureas (skin) and what other pathogen causes IE via blood?
S. Bovis
TEST FOR BOWEL CANCER
30
Risk factors for IE?
Dental work
Cardiac/Valvular ab
IVDU
Prolonged catheter
Bowel cancer
31
what acronym is used for the presentation of IE?
FROM JANE
32
List 3 causes of Non-IE.
NBTE
Endocarditis with SLE
RF
33
What virus commonly causes all kinds of heart infections?
Coxsackie B
34
What is the most common type of acute pericarditis?
What are the other types?
Serofibrinous/Fibrinous
Serous
Purulent
Haemorrhagic
Caseous
35
There are 3 chronic pericarditis types. What are they?
Adhesive
Adhesive Mediastinopericarditis
Restricitive
36
Is chronic pericarditis inflammatory or adhesive?
Adhesive
37
Pericarditis is caused by what?
Infection (Coxsackie B, TB)
Post- heart sugery
Immunological: RF, SLE, Dresslers
Neoplasm/Radiation
38
Myocarditis is often caused by CoxsackieB. How would it present?
Can develop into dilated CM
Asymptomatic
Heart failure
Arrthymias
Sudden cardiac death
39
What are the 4 types of cardiomyopathies (CM)?
1. Dilated
2. Hypertrophic
3. Restrictive
4. Arrythmogenic RV
40
Which CM is often caused by genetic or alcohol?
Treatment?
Dilate CM
Transplant, Ventricular assist
41
Is hypertophic CM 100% genetic or not?
Treatment?
100% genetic
Transplant, B-blockers
42
Restrictive CM shows decreased in ventricular compliance. What are some causes?
Amyloidosis
Sarcoidosis
Mets
idiopathic
43
Which CM is due to RV dysplasia from disorder of desmosomes?
Arrythmogenic RV
Athletes
44
Which condition presents as facial pain, headache and jaw claudication?
Giant cell arteritis
MEDICAL EMERGENCY - COMPLICATION --> BLINDNESS
45
How would you diagnose and treat Giant cell arteritis?
Biopsy
Corticosteroids
46
What is the most common type of aneurysm?
diagnosis?
Atherosclerotic (AAA)
USS
47
other types of aneurysm?
Dissecting (thoracic)
Berry (Circle of Wilis)
Microaneurysms (brain)
False
Syphilic
Mycotic (weakening post subacute IE)
48