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CVS EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the first arteries to appear in the embryo

A

right and left primitive aortae

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2
Q

what does each primitive aorta have

A

ventral and a dorsal aorta

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3
Q

how is aortic sac formed

A

fusion of the 2 ventral aortae, then becomes an extension of the truncus arteriosus

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4
Q

where do aortic arch branches arise from

A

aortic sac

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5
Q

in what weeks of pregnancy are the 6 pairs of aortic arches formed?

A

4th and 5th weeks

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6
Q

what happens during the 4th and 5th weeks of pregnancy

A

6 pairs of aortic arches are formed -> these unite with the dorsal aortae

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7
Q

what do aortic arches give rise to

A

great arteries of head and neck

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8
Q

by what 2 methods to blood vessels develop

A

vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

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9
Q

what is vasculogenesis

A

new formation of a primitive vascular network

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10
Q

what is angiogenesis

A

growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

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11
Q

explain the adult derivatives of aortic arches

A

1st and 2nd arches disappear early
3rd aortic arch forms common carotid artery
4th right arch forms right subclavian artery
4th left arch forms aortic arch
5th arch disappears
6th right arch forms right pulmonary artery
6th left arch forms the left pulmonary artery & ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

explain double aortic arch

A

occurs with the non-regression of the right aortic arch forming a vascular ring around the trachea and oesophagus, which usually causes difficulty in breathing and swallowing

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13
Q

explain patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

common anomaly associated with maternal rubella infection in early pregnancy
cause - failure of muscular wall to contract, resp distress syndrome (low O2) and lack of surfactant in lungs

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14
Q

what can an uncorrected PDA lead to

A

congestive heart failure with increasing age

can be associated with ASD, VSD, coarctation of aorta

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15
Q

explain coarctation(constriction) of aorta

A

congenital condition where aorta is narrow , usually where ductus arteriosus (ligamentum arteriosum) inserts
most common in the aortic arch
can be proximal to ductus arteriosus (preductal) or distal to it (postductal)

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16
Q

what are the main theories of cause of coarctation of aorta

A

when ductus arteriosus contracts after birth, part of the arch attaching to it also constricts
genetic/environmental

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17
Q

vitelline vessels supply yolk sac

A

adult gut vessels

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18
Q

umbilical vessels supply placenta

A

internal iliac

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19
Q

cardinal vessels supply rest of body

A

SVC & IVC

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20
Q

in what week of pregnancy does lymphatic system begin to develop

A

week 6

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21
Q

explain development of lymphatic system during 6th week of pregnancy

A

develops around main veins
6 primary lymph sacs develops at the end of embryonic period
thoracic duct develops from two vessels anterior to the aorta - these become left and right embryonic thoracic ducts
left one gives rise to the upper third of the adult thoracic duct and the lower 2/3 of the adult duct are formed by right embryonic thoracic duct

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22
Q

what 2 organs does the placenta act for for the foetus

A

lungs and kidney

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23
Q

how does oxygenated blood reach foetus

A

comes from placenta and then reaches foetal IVC via umbilical vein, mostly bypassing foetal liver
blood in foetal IVC therefore mixed oxygenated and deoxygenated

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24
Q

foetus ductus venosus shunts

A

shunts blood in left umbilical vein into IVC : allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver

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25
foramen ovale foetus shunt
shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium : allows blood to bypass the lungs
26
ductus arteriosus foetus shunt
shunts blood from right ventricle and pulmonary arteries to aorta : allows blood to bypass the lungs
27
ductus venosus
ligamentum venosum of the liver
28
foramen ovale
fossa ovalis of the heart
29
ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum between left and right pulmonary artery and aorta
30
umbilical arteries
medial umbilical ligaments of anterior abdominal wall
31
main stages in heart development
``` bilateral heart primordia primitive heart tube heart looping atrial and ventricular septation outflow tract septation ```
32
what week does CVS system function
first major system to function in embryo and this happens in week 4
33
Why does CVS function so early?
rapidly growing embryo - nutrition by diffusion is not sufficient to satisfy the growing embryo
34
what happens during 3rd week in terms of CVS development?
blood vessels "islands" first appear in yolk sac, allantois, connecting stalk and chorion - this is called the cardiogenic field
35
what do blood vessels in lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm form?
two heart tubes
36
two heart tubes are formed by...
blood vessels in lateral plate splanchnic mesoderm
37
when heart tubes fuse they form...?
join blood vessels in other areas to form primordial CVS system
38
somatic mesoderm
parietal layer of serous pericardium & fibrous pericardium form from this
39
splanchnic mesoderm
visceral layer of serous pericardium forms from
40
intra-embryonic coelom
pericardial cavity forms from
41
explain primitive heart tube - different parts
``` truncus arteriosus bulbus cordis primitive ventricle primitive atrium sinus venosus ```
42
what happens to primitive heart tube when it gets to big
invaginates pericardium | because it becomes too large for pericardium it needs to fold/loop and then goes onto form bulboventricular loop
43
explain formation of cardiac (bulboventricular) loop
bulbus cordis and ventricle enlarge and loop to right -> ventricle pushed left and inferiorly atria are pushed superiorly and posteriorly
44
explains dextrocardia
heart tube loops to left side (instead of right side), so ventricles come to lie facing the right (=dextro) most frequent positional abnormality of heart
45
explain partitioning of primitive heart
1. single atrioventricular canal into left and right AV canals (endocardial cushion growth) 2. the primitive atrium into left and right atria (atrial septum formation) 3. the primitive ventricle into left and right ventricles (ventricular septum formation) 4. the atria from the ventricles (heart valve formation) -> this involves two actively growing masses of tissue : endocardial cushions and heart septae
46
explain endocardial cushion growth
separates RA + V from LA + V to form L & R AV canals
47
partitioning of primitive atrium into left and right atria
formation of septum primum & ostium primum ostium secundum begins to form by apoptosis of part of septum primum formation of septum secundum and formation of ostium secundum is complete , closure of ostium primum as septum primum meets the endocardial cushions formation of foramen ovale is complete
48
what is the role of the foramen ovale before birth
allows most of the blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium (non-functioning lung) prevents passage of blood in the opposite direction
49
what is the role of the foramen ovale after birth
``` normally closes (increased pressure in the LA due to increased pulmonary circulation) septum primum fuses with septum secundum fossa ovalis ( a depression in the interatrial septum) of adult heart is remnant of foetal foramen ovale ```
50
what does non-closure of the PFO result in
common form of congenital Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) - "hole in the heart"
51
explain partitioning of primitive ventricle
muscular ventricular septum forms. - opening is called interventricular foramen aorticopulmonary septum divides bulbis cordis and truncus arteriosus into aorta and pulmonary trunk, bottom of spiral aorticopulmonary septum fuses with muscular ventricular septum and endocardial cushions to form membranous interventricular septum, closing interventricular foramen
52
explain ventricular septal defect
most common type of CHD (congenital heart disease) - 25% of defects can appear in any part of septum small VSDs close spontaneously (30-50%) membranous type of VSD is most common
53
what week of pregnancy does partitioning of bulbus cordis(BC) and truncus arteriosus (TA) happen?
week5 - aorticopulmonary septum divides BC and TA into aorta and pulmonary trunk
54
explain transposition of great vessels
common cause of cyanotic disease in newborn infants associated with ASD and VSD permit exchange of systemic and pulmonary circulation eg tetralogy of fallot Cause - 1. failure of aorticopulmonary septum to take a spiral course 2. defective migration of neural crest cells to heart
55
what develops from the ventricular wall (in terms of valves)
cusps, chordae tendinae and papillary muscles of the atrioventricular valves
56
semilunar valves are formed from...
subendocardial valve tissue
57
explain development of conducting system of the heart
early pacemakers are cardiomyocytes in primitive atrium and sinus venosus clinical - cot death or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) cause - abnormalities in conducting tissue
58
in week 5 of pregnancy what develops in regard to conducting system of the heart
SA node (pacemaker)
59
adult location of SA node
high in the RA near the entrance of SVC
60
AV node and bundle
bundle of His - develops from cells of AV canal and sinus venosus
61
aortic sac
aortic arches
62
bulbis cordis
right ventricle | parts of outflow tracts
63
primitive ventricle
left ventricle
64
primitive atrium
parts of RA and LA
65
sinus venosus
SVC & RA
66
lateral plate mesoderm
mesenteries, lining of pleural, cardiac and abdominal cavities, and the major substance of the heart

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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