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ANATOMY > RESP > Flashcards

RESP Flashcards

1
Q

how does the thoracic cavity communicate with other parts of the body

A

through apertures

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2
Q

how many thoracic apertures are there and what are they called

A

superior - thoracic inlet

inferior - thoracic outlet

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3
Q

what parts of the body does the superior thoracic aperture communicate with

A

neck and upper limbs

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4
Q

what parts of the body does the inferior thoracic aperture communicate with

A

abdomen

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5
Q

what structures enter and leave the thoracic cavity through the superior thoracic aperture

A

trachea, oesophagus, vessels, nerves

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6
Q

what is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by

A

posteriorly by the T1 vertebrae
laterally by the first pair of ribs and their costal cartilages
anteriorly by the superior border of the manubrium

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7
Q

which thoracic aperture is larger

A

inferior

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8
Q

what is the inferior thoracic aperture bounded by

A

posteriorly by the T12 vertebrae
posterolaterally by the 11th and 12th pairs of ribs
anterolaterally by the joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 forming the costal margin
anteriorly by the xiphisternal joint

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9
Q

what are ribs

A

curved, flat bones
light in weight, yet highly resilient
spongy interior which contains bone marrow which forms blood cells (hematopoietic tissue)

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10
Q

what are the 3 classes of ribs

A

true
false
floating

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11
Q

what are true ribs

A

1st to 7th ribs

attach directly to the sternum anteriorly through their own costal cartilages

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12
Q

what are false ribs

A

8th - 10th ribs
cartilages on anterior ends that are joined to the cartilage of the rib just superior, thus connection with sternum is indirect

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13
Q

what are floating ribs

A

11th and 12th ribs
rudimentary cartilages on anterior ends that do not connect even indirectly with the sternum ; instead end in the posterior abdominal musculature

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14
Q

characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

A

bilateral superior and inferior costal facets
costal facets on transverse processes
long inferiorly slanting spinous processes

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15
Q

sternum

A

flat, vertically elongated bone that forms the middle of the anterior part of the thoracic cage

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16
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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17
Q

what vertebral levels does manubrium sit at

A

T3 and T4

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18
Q

where is sternal angle (of Louis) located

A

opposite second pair of costal cartilages at the level of the IV disc between the T4 and T5 vertebrae

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19
Q

body of sternum

A

T5-T9

longer, thinner and narrower than manubrium

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20
Q

xiphoid process

A

T10 - smallest and most variable part
relatively thin and elongated but varies considerably in form
cartilaginous in young
ossified in adults

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21
Q

what is the xiphisternal joint a marker for

A

midline marker for the superior level of liver , central tendon of diaphragm, and the inferior border of the heart

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22
Q

if intrathoracic volume decreases what happens to intrathoracic pressure and intra-abdominal pressure

A

increases

decreases - abdominal viscera decompressed

23
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the thoracic cavity

A

2 pulmonary cavities - containing pleura and lungs

mediastinum - central compartment

24
Q

what is the endothoracic fascia

A

thin fibro-areolar layer between the internal aspect of the thoracic wall and the lining of the pleural cavities (parietal pleura)
provides cleavage plane, allowing surgeon to separate parietal pleura from thoracic wall , providing access to intrathoracic structures

25
Q

where is the pleural cavity between

A

visceral and parietal pleura

26
Q

visceral pleura

A

covers lungs and is adherent to all surfaces , including surfaces within horizontal and oblique fissures

27
Q

parietal pleura

A

lines pulmonary cavities, adhering to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum and the diaphragm

28
Q

where is the root of the lung

A

enclosed within the area of continuity between the visceral and parietal layers of pleura, the pleural sleeve

29
Q

what is inferior to the root of the lung

A

pulmonary ligament - continuity between parietal and visceral forms the pulmonary ligament
it extends between the lung and the mediastinum

30
Q

what does the pleural cavity contain

A

capillary layer of serous pleural fluid

31
Q

what is the role of the pleural fluid

A

lubricates the pleural surfaces and allows the layers of pleura to slide smoothly over each other during respiration

32
Q

what does the surface tension provide

A

cohesion that keeps the lung surface in contact with the thoracic wall

33
Q

how many parts does the parietal pleura consist of and what are they called

A 
4
costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
cervical
34
Q

costal part of parietal pleura

A

covers internal surfaces of thoracic wall , separated from wall by endothoracic fascia

35
Q

mediastinal part of parietal pleura

A

covers lateral aspects of the mediastinum

36
Q

diaphragmatic part of parietal pleura

A

covers superior surface of the diaphragm on each side of the mediastinum

37
Q

cervical part of parietal pleura

A

extends through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck
forms cup-shaped dome over apex of the lung

38
Q

how many lines of pleural reflection are there and names

A

3
sternal
costal
vertebral

39
Q

sternal line of pleural reflection

A

abrupt turn of the parietal pleura that occurs where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura anteriorly

40
Q

costal line of pleural reflection

A

abrupt turn of parietal pleura that occurs where costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura inferiorly

41
Q

vertebral line of pleural reflection

A

much rounder, gradual reflection where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the mediastinal pleura posteriorly

42
Q

potential pleural spaces

A

costodiaphragmatic recesses

costomediastinal recesses

43
Q

what is the main function of the lungs

A

oxygenate the blood by bringing inspired air into close relation with the venous blood in the pulmonary capillaries

44
Q

how many lobes do right and left lungs have

A 
right = 3 - superior(upper), middle, inferior(lower)
left = 2 (upper and lower)
45
Q

why is the right lung shorter and wider

A

right dome of diaphragm is higher

heart and pericardium bulge more to the left

46
Q

what are the 2 fissures of the lungs

A

horizontal

oblique

47
Q

what are the three surfaces of the lungs

A

costal - adjacent to sternum
mediastinal - including hilum
diaphragmatic - resting on convex dome of diaphragm

48
Q

what are the 3 borders of the lungs

A

anterior
inferior
posterior

49
Q

what is the hilum of the lung

A

where the structures - which form the root - enter and leave the lung
medial surface of each lung

structures include : main bronchus, pulmonary vessels, bronchial vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves - enter and leave the lung

50
Q

at what vertebral level does bifurcation of trachea happen

A

T4/5

51
Q

main bronchi differences

A

right - wider and shorter and runs more vertically than the left main bronchus as it passes directly to hilum of lung
left - passes inferolaterally inferior to the arch of aorta and anterior to oesophagus and thoracic aorta to reach the hilum of the lung

52
Q

where do left bronchial arteries arise from

A

thoracic aorta

53
Q

where do right bronchial arteries arise from

A

superior posterior intercostal artery
common trunk from the thoracic aorta with the right 3rd posterior intercostal artery
left superior bronchial artery

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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