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ANATOMY > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

name the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

left upper
left lower
right upper
right lower

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2
Q

name the 9 regions of the abdomen

A

R&L hypochondrium
Epigastric
R&L lateral/lumbar/flank
Umbilical
R&L inguinal/iliac fossa
Pubic

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3
Q

vertically how are the regions divided

A

midclavicular lines

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4
Q

horizontally how are the regions divided - 2 planes?

A

subcostal plane
transtubercular plane

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5
Q

what organs lie in left hypochondriac region

A

stomach
top left lobe of liver
left kidney
spleen
tail of pancreas
parts of SI
transverse and desc colon

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6
Q

what organs lie in right hypochondriac region

A

liver
gallbladder
small intestine
ascending colon
transverse colon
right kidney

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7
Q

organs in epigastric region

A

esophagus
The stomach
The liver
The spleen
The pancreas
The right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The right and left suprarenal glands
The small intestine
The transverse colon

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8
Q

left lumbar region

A

portion of the small intestine
A part of the descending colon
The tip of the left kidney

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9
Q

organs in right lumbar region

A

The tip of the liver
The gallbladder
The small intestine
The ascending colon
The right kidney

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10
Q

organs in umbilical region

A

The stomach
The pancreas
The small intestine
The transverse colon
The medial extremities of right and left kidneys
The right and left ureters
The cisterna chyli

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11
Q

organs in left inguinal region

A

Part of the small intestine
The descending colon
The sigmoid colon
The left ovary and the left fallopian tube in females.

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12
Q

organs in right inguinal region

A

The small intestine
The appendix
The cecum
The ascending colon
The right ovary and right fallopian tube in females.

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13
Q

organs in pubic region

A

the small intestine
The sigmoid colon
The rectum
The urinary bladder
The right and left ureters
The uterus, the right and left ovaries and the fallopian tubes can be found in females
The ductus deferens, seminal vesicles and prostate in males

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14
Q

what dermatome does umbilicus lie in

A

T10

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15
Q

vertebral level of umbilicus

A

L3-L5 variation

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16
Q

why would vertebral level not be used as a reliable clinical surface landmark?

A

variation in person to person

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17
Q

what is the large area of connective tissue

A

rectus sheath

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18
Q

rectus sheath is formed from the aponeuroses of which 3 muscles

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

19
Q

within the rectus sheath lie 2 muscles - name them

A

rectus abdominis and pyramidalis

20
Q

what is the horizontal line called in the centre of the rectus sheath

A

linea semilunaris

21
Q

what is the function of the pyramidalis

A

to tense the linea semilunaris

22
Q

what is the arcuate line

A

indicated where the posterior layer of the rectus sheath ends

23
Q

where do the superior arteries arise from

A

distal aspect of internal thoracic arteries

24
Q

where do the inferior arteries arise from

A

external iliac arteries immediately superior to inguinal ligaments

25
Q

where do the superior veins drain to

A

internal thoracic vein

26
Q

where do inferior veins drain to

A

external iliac veins

27
Q

what can happen due to portal hypertension: clinical note

A

the superficial veins can become dilated secondary to portal hypertension in severe cases. this can lead to caput medusa - formation of dilated abdominal wall veins which extend from the umbilicus

28
Q

above the umbilicus where does lymphatic drainage go to

A

axillary nodes

29
Q

below the umbilicus lymphatic drainage goes to

A

superficial inguinal nodes

30
Q

describe the inguinal canal

A

oblique passage through lower part of abdominal wall
adult = roughly 4cm long
provides way for structures from the abdomen to the genital region

31
Q

where does inguinal ligament originate and attach to

A

originates at the anterior superior iliac spine and attach to the pubic tubercle

32
Q

inguinal ligament formed from aponeuroses of which muscle

A

external oblique

33
Q

what does aponeuroses mean

A

a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue - takes place of tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment

34
Q

what is the iliopubic tract

A

fibrous band that runs parallel and posterior (deep) to inguinal ligament

35
Q

superficial (external) inguinal ring is a break in aponeuroses of what muscle layer

A

external oblique

36
Q

what anatomical point is used surgically to determine the location of superficial inguinal ring

A

superolateral to the pubic tubercle

37
Q

deep (internal) inguinal ring - oval shaped opening in which muscle layer’s facia?

A

transversalis fascia

38
Q

anterior wall of inguinal canal

A

medially aponeurosis of external oblique, laterally reinforced by internal oblique

39
Q

posterior wall of inguinal canal

A

transversalis fascia

40
Q

roof of inguinal canal

A

laterally by transversalis fascia,
centrally by internal oblique, transversus abdominis
medially by the medial crus and intercrural fibres

41
Q

floor of inguinal canal

A

laterally by iliopubic tract
centrally by the superior surface of the “gutter-like” inguinal ligament
medially by the lacunar ligament

42
Q

contents of male inguinal canal

A

spermatic cord
ilio-inguinal nerve
blood and lymphatics

43
Q

contents of female inguinal canal

A

round ligament
ilio-inguinal nerve
blood and lymphatics

44
Q

function of liver

A

formation of bile salts, bile acids and bilirubin
protein production eg albumin
production of blood clotting factors
protein and amino acid metabolism
production of transporter proteins
cholesterol synthesis
glucose homeostasis
drug metabolism

ANATOMY (13 decks)

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