CVS Gemini FlashCards
(320 cards)
1
Q
What are the contents of the thoracic cavity?
A
The contents of the thoracic cavity are identified under TLO 1.1.1 in the Cardiovascular Course.
2
Q
Describe the boundaries and division of the mediastinum.
A
The boundaries and division of the mediastinum are described under TLO 1.1.2 in the Cardiovascular Course.
3
Q
Enumerate the contents of each division of the mediastinum.
A
The contents of each division of the mediastinum are enumerated under TLO 1.1.2 in the Cardiovascular Course.
4
Q
Describe the structure
A
blood supply and innervation of the pericardium.
5
Q
Discuss the functions of the pericardium.
A
The functions of the pericardium are discussed under TLO 1.1.3 in the Cardiovascular Course.
6
Q
Describe the structure and great vessels of the heart.
A
The structure and great vessels of the heart are described under TLO 1.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
7
Q
Describe the branches and distribution of the coronary arteries.
A
The branches and distribution of the coronary arteries are described under TLO 1.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
8
Q
Explain the direction of blood flow in the heart.
A
The direction of blood flow in the heart is explained under TLO 1.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
9
Q
Compare the structure of the right and left side of the heart.
A
The structure of the right and left side of the heart is compared under TLO 1.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
10
Q
Describe the location and position of the heart and its chambers.
A
The location and position of the heart and its chambers are described under TLO 1.2.1 in the Cardiovascular Course.
11
Q
Describe the location and position of the major vessels.
A
The location and position of the major vessels are described under TLO 1.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Course.
12
Q
Identify the relevant areas for palpation.
A
The relevant areas for palpation are identified under TLO 1.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Course.
13
Q
Identify the sites for auscultation of the heart.
A
The sites for auscultation of the heart are identified under TLO 1.2.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
14
Q
Describe the cardiac cycle.
A
The cardiac cycle is described under TLO 1.3.1 in the Cardiovascular Course.
15
Q
Describe the relationship between blood volume
A
pressure
16
Q
Explain terms like systole
A
diastole
17
Q
Interpret Wigger’s diagram.
A
Wigger’s diagram is interpreted under TLO 1.3.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
18
Q
Describe the structure of the myocardium.
A
The structure of the myocardium is described under TLO 1.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Course.
19
Q
Describe the structure and function of the cardiomyocytes.
A
The structure and function of the cardiomyocytes are described under TLO 1.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Course.
20
Q
Explain cardiac output and the determinants of cardiac output.
A
Cardiac output and its determinants are explained under TLO 1.4.3 in the Cardiovascular Course.
21
Q
Discuss the determinants and factors affecting venous return to the heart.
A
The determinants and factors affecting venous return to the heart are discussed under TLO 1.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
22
Q
Discuss the anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
A
The anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves are discussed under TLO 1.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Course.
23
Q
Discuss the physiology and function of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves.
A
The physiology and function of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves are discussed under TLO 1.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Course.
24
Q
Discuss the generation and characteristic of physiologic heart sounds.
A
The generation and characteristics of physiologic heart sounds are discussed under TLO 1.5.3 in the Cardiovascular Course.
25
Explain the consequences of insufficient valvular function.
The consequences of insufficient valvular function are explained under TLO 1.5.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
26
Identify the structures involved in the cardiac conduction pathway.
The structures involved in the cardiac conduction pathway are identified under TLO 1.6.1 in the Cardiovascular Course.
27
Describe the spread of electrical activity across the heart.
The spread of electrical activity across the heart is described under TLO 1.6.2 in the Cardiovascular Course.
28
Discuss the functions of the SA node
AV node and Purkinje fibres.
29
Describe the general phases of an action potential (e.g.
resting membrane potential
30
Describe how these electrical events correlate to the mechanical functions of the heart (e.g.
how ventricular repolarisation correlates to ventricular wall relaxation allowing it to refill).
31
Describe how an action potential triggers cardiac myocyte contraction.
How an action potential triggers cardiac myocyte contraction is described under TLO 1.7.3 in the Cardiovascular Course.
32
Describe characteristics of the ventricular action potential.
Characteristics of the ventricular action potential are described under TLO 1.7.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
33
Describe characteristics of the pacemaker action potential.
Characteristics of the pacemaker action potential are described under TLO 1.7.5 in the Cardiovascular Course.
34
Discuss cardiac innervation and cardiac conduction pathway.
Cardiac innervation and the cardiac conduction pathway are discussed under TLO 1.8.1 in the Cardiovascular Course.
35
Describe the effect of the sympathetic NS in cardiac conduction and the role of noradrenaline.
The effect of the sympathetic nervous system in cardiac conduction and the role of noradrenaline are described under TLO 1.8.2 in the Cardiovascular Course.
36
Describe the effect of the parasympathetic NS in cardiac conduction and the role of the acetylcholine.
The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system in cardiac conduction and the role of acetylcholine are described under TLO 1.8.3 in the Cardiovascular Course.
37
Enumerate the factors which influence the cardiac conduction pathway.
The factors that influence the cardiac conduction pathway are enumerated under TLO 1.8.4 in the Cardiovascular Course.
38
Identify the major arteries
veins and lymphatic supply throughout the body.
39
Describe the physical and functional features of conducting arteries (large elastic arteries e.g. aorta
carotids; Distributing arteries - medium muscular arteries; small arteries and arterioles).
40
Describe the physical and functional features of venules (small; Medium veins; Large veins - e.g IVC
SVC).
41
Compare and contrast the histological features of the arterial and venous walls (e.g. the layers and their characteristics).
The histological features of the arterial and venous walls
42
Explain the relationship between pressure
volume
43
Discuss cardiac preload and afterload and the factors affecting them.
Cardiac preload and afterload and the factors affecting them are discussed under TLO 2.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
44
Discuss the determinants of cardiac output.
The determinants of cardiac output are discussed under TLO 2.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
45
Define mean arterial pressure.
Mean arterial pressure is defined under TLO 2.3.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
46
Identify and define the parameters that contribute to MAP (CO
SV
47
Describe how a change in each of these parameters alters blood pressure.
How a change in each of these parameters alters blood pressure is described under TLO 2.3.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
48
Identify factors that alter these parameters and describe how blood pressure is subsequently affected.
Factors that alter these parameters and how blood pressure is subsequently affected are identified and described under TLO 2.3.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
49
Explain basal vascular tone.
Basal vascular tone is explained under TLO 2.3.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
50
Describe the primary role of extrinsic regulators on arterial smooth muscle.
The primary role of extrinsic regulators on arterial smooth muscle is described under TLO 2.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
51
Explain how each of the extrinsic regulators listed below effects arterial smooth muscle: Sympathetic nervous system; Adrenaline/ Noradrenaline; Histamine; Angiotensin II; Arginine vasopressin; Vasodilator nerves; Atrial natriuretic peptide.
How each of the listed extrinsic regulators (Sympathetic nervous system
52
Describe the subsequent effect of each on blood pressure.
The subsequent effect of each extrinsic regulator on blood pressure is described under TLO 2.4.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
53
Describe the primary role of intrinsic regulators on arterial smooth muscle.
The primary role of intrinsic regulators on arterial smooth muscle is described under TLO 2.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
54
Explain how each of the intrinsic regulators listed below affects arterial smooth muscle: O2; CO2; Lactic acid; Adenosine; Nitric Oxide; Endothelin-1.
How each of the listed intrinsic regulators (O2
55
Describe the subsequent effect of each on blood pressure.
The subsequent effect of each intrinsic regulator on blood pressure is described under TLO 2.5.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
56
Describe autoregulation and the factors that determine it at the following locations: heart
brain
57
Identify the location of baroreceptors and describe their function.
The location of baroreceptors and their function are identified and described under TLO 2.6.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
58
Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in short term BP regulation.
The role of the autonomic nervous system in short term blood pressure regulation is described under TLO 2.6.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
59
Describe the processes involved in the baroreceptor reflex and how this acts to control short term changes in blood pressure.
The processes involved in the baroreceptor reflex and how it controls short-term blood pressure changes are described under TLO 2.6.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
60
Identify the structures involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
The structures involved in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are identified under TLO 2.7.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
61
Describe the primary role of RAAS.
The primary role of RAAS is described under TLO 2.7.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
62
Sequentially describe the processes involved in the RAAS system.
The processes involved in the RAAS system are sequentially described under TLO 2.7.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
63
Describe how changes in RAAS alter blood pressure (e.g. an overactive RAAS leading to high blood pressure).
How changes in RAAS alter blood pressure
64
Explain how salt intake affects RAAS.
How salt intake affects RAAS is explained under TLO 2.7.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
65
Define hypertension and discuss the types of hypertension.
Hypertension is defined and its types are discussed under TLO 2.8.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
66
Describe the epidemiology and risk factors of hypertension.
The epidemiology and risk factors of hypertension are described under TLO 2.8.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
67
Describe the pathophysiology of essential hypertension.
The pathophysiology of essential hypertension is described under TLO 2.8.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
68
Define hypertensive crisis and discuss the pathogenesis of hypertensive crisis.
Hypertensive crisis is defined and its pathogenesis is discussed under TLO 2.8.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
69
Discuss the classification and stages of hypertension.
The classification and stages of hypertension are discussed under TLO 2.9.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
70
Discuss the clinical manifestations of hypertension.
The clinical manifestations of hypertension are discussed under TLO 2.9.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
71
Discuss the diagnosis of hypertension.
The diagnosis of hypertension is discussed under TLO 2.9.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
72
Outline the management of hypertension.
The management of hypertension is outlined under TLO 2.10.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
73
Describe the mechanism of action of ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
74
Outline the management of hypertensive emergency.
The management of hypertensive emergency is outlined under TLO 2.10.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
75
Discuss the complications of hypertension.
The complications of hypertension are discussed under TLO 2.11.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
76
Briefly explain the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis
aortic dissection
77
Discuss the lifestyle modifications to promote healthy blood pressure.
Lifestyle modifications to promote healthy blood pressure are discussed under TLO 2.11.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
78
Describe capillary structure.
Capillary structure is described under TLO 3.1.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
79
Describe the processes that occur across the capillary wall to enable the movement of substances (Bulk flow: filtration and reabsorption
diffusion
80
Describe the factors affecting the processes above (CHP
IFHP
81
Describe the role of the lymphatic system.
The role of the lymphatic system is described under TLO 3.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
82
Define oedema.
Oedema is defined under TLO 3.2.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
83
Describe the pathophysiological processes causing oedema.
The pathophysiological processes causing oedema are described under TLO 3.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
84
Identify common causes leading to the various pathological processes described earlier in TLO 3.2.2.
Common causes leading to the pathological processes of oedema described in TLO 3.2.2 are identified under TLO 3.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
85
Identify the site-specific clinical manifestations of oedema (symptoms: e.g.
swelling
86
Define heart failure.
Heart failure is defined under TLO 3.3.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
87
Enumerate the risk factors and discuss the aetiology of heart failure.
The risk factors are enumerated and the etiology of heart failure is discussed under TLO 3.3.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
88
Discuss the stages and classification of heart failure.
The stages and classification of heart failure are discussed under TLO 3.3.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
89
Discuss the pathophysiology and clinical features of left heart failure.
The pathophysiology and clinical features of left heart failure are discussed under TLO 3.3.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
90
Discuss the pathophysiology and clinical features of right heart failure.
The pathophysiology and clinical features of right heart failure are discussed under TLO 3.3.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
91
Define cardiac remodeling.
Cardiac remodeling is defined under TLO 3.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
92
Enumerate the causes of cardiac remodeling.
The causes of cardiac remodeling are enumerated under TLO 3.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
93
Discuss concentric remodelling and its complications.
Concentric remodeling and its complications are discussed under TLO 3.4.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
94
Discuss eccentric remodelling and its complications.
Eccentric remodeling and its complications are discussed under TLO 3.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
95
Identify the steps to diagnose heart failure: history
clinical findings
96
Describe modalities used to diagnose heart failure (e.g. ECG
laboratory investigations (BNP
97
Describe relevant pathological findings (e.g. CXR (alveolar oedema
upper lobe diversion
98
Describe complications of heart failure.
Complications of heart failure are described under TLO 3.5.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
99
Describe the management and pharmacology of acute decompensated heart failure (e.g. frusemide
nitrates
100
Describe the management and pharmacology of chronic heart failure (e.g.
beta-blockers
101
Define and enumerate the types of shock.
Shock is defined and its types are enumerated under TLO 3.7.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
102
Identify the stages of shock.
The stages of shock are identified under TLO 3.7.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
103
Discuss the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock.
The pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock is discussed under TLO 3.7.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
104
Discuss the stages of cardiogenic shock and clinical manifestations of each stage.
The stages of cardiogenic shock and the clinical manifestations of each stage are discussed under TLO 3.7.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
105
Outline the management of cardiogenic shock.
The management of cardiogenic shock is outlined under TLO 3.7.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
106
Identify components of the normal ECG (e.g.
P wave
107
Explain what each component reflects (e.g. P wave reflects electrical activity during atrial depolarisation (atrial contraction)).
What each ECG component reflects
108
Describe how a standard 12 lead ECG is derived: including lead placement and their corresponding represented cardiac structures; electrical deflection; cardiac axis.
How a standard 12-lead ECG is derived
109
Describe a system used to interpret ECGs: rate
rhythm
110
Identify the following on ECG: sinus rhythm; sinus bradycardia; sinus tachycardia; left axis deviation; right axis deviation.
Sinus rhythm
111
Define tachyarrhythmia and describe the generalised clinical manifestations of tachyarrhythmias (e.g. palpitations
presyncope
112
Identify the risk factors/aetiology for ventricular tachycardia
ventricular fibrillation
113
Identify ventricular tachycardia
ventricular fibrillation
114
Describe the pathophysiological process for ventricular tachycardia
ventricular fibrillation
115
Define bradyarrhythmia and describe the generalised clinical manifestations of bradyarrhythmias (e.g. palpitations
syncope
116
Identify 1st degree heart block
2nd degree heart block (Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach)
117
Identify the risk factors/aetiology for 1st degree heart block
2nd degree heart block (Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach)
118
Describe the pathophysiological process for 1st degree heart block
2nd degree heart block (Mobitz type 1 (Wenckebach)
119
Identify modalities used to diagnose arrhythmias (e.g. ECG
Holter monitor
120
Describe complications of the arrhythmias listed in topics 3 and 4.
Complications of the arrhythmias listed in topics 3 and 4 are described under TLO 4.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
121
Identify appropriate pharmacological management options for the treatment of arrhythmias: Na+ channel blockers; β-blockers; K+ blockers; Ca2+ channel blockers.
Appropriate pharmacological management options for arrhythmias
122
Describe the mechanism of action for each of the options identified in TLO 4.6.1.
The mechanism of action for each of the pharmacological options identified in TLO 4.6.1 is described under TLO 4.6.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
123
Identify and describe appropriate interventional approaches to arrhythmias: defibrillation; pacemakers –transcutaneous and permanent pacing; ablation.
Appropriate interventional approaches to arrhythmias
124
Identify the lifestyle modifications required for secondary prevention.
Lifestyle modifications required for secondary prevention are identified under TLO 4.6.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
125
Describe why murmurs occur.
Why murmurs occur is described under TLO 5.1.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
126
Describe how murmurs are affected by inspiration
expiration
127
Describe why and when S3 and S4 heart sounds occur.
Why and when S3 and S4 heart sounds occur is described under TLO 5.1.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
128
Familiarize yourself with murmurs associated with the pathologies involving the left and right-side valve lesions.
Murmurs associated with pathologies involving left and right-side valve lesions are to be familiarized under TLO 5.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
129
Define AS and explain epidemiology.
AS (Aortic Stenosis) is defined and its epidemiology is explained under TLO 5.2.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
130
Discuss the causes and explain the pathophysiology of AS.
The causes and pathophysiology of AS are discussed and explained under TLO 5.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
131
Discuss the clinical features of AS.
The clinical features of AS are discussed under TLO 5.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
132
Discuss the diagnosis of AS.
The diagnosis of AS is discussed under TLO 5.2.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
133
Outline the management of AS.
The management of AS is outlined under TLO 5.2.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
134
Define and explain epidemiology of MS.
MS (Mitral Stenosis) is defined and its epidemiology is explained under TLO 5.3.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
135
Discuss the causes and explain the pathophysiology of MS.
The causes and pathophysiology of MS are discussed and explained under TLO 5.3.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
136
Discuss the clinical features of MS.
The clinical features of MS are discussed under TLO 5.3.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
137
Discuss the diagnosis of MS.
The diagnosis of MS is discussed under TLO 5.3.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
138
Outline the management of MS.
The management of MS is outlined under TLO 5.3.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
139
Define and explain epidemiology of AR.
AR (Aortic Regurgitation) is defined and its epidemiology is explained under TLO 5.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
140
Discuss the causes and explain the pathophysiology of AR.
The causes and pathophysiology of AR are discussed and explained under TLO 5.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
141
Discuss the clinical features of AR.
The clinical features of AR are discussed under TLO 5.4.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
142
Discuss the diagnosis of AR.
The diagnosis of AR is discussed under TLO 5.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
143
Outline the management of AR.
The management of AR is outlined under TLO 5.4.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
144
Define and explain epidemiology of MR.
MR (Mitral Regurgitation) is defined and its epidemiology is explained under TLO 5.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
145
Discuss the causes and explain the pathophysiology of MR.
The causes and pathophysiology of MR are discussed and explained under TLO 5.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
146
Discuss the clinical features of MR.
The clinical features of MR are discussed under TLO 5.5.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
147
Discuss the diagnosis of MR.
The diagnosis of MR is discussed under TLO 5.5.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
148
Outline the management of MR.
The management of MR is outlined under TLO 5.5.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
149
Define and explain epidemiology of tricuspid regurgitation.
Tricuspid regurgitation is defined and its epidemiology is explained under TLO 5.6.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
150
Discuss the causes and explain the pathophysiology of tricuspid regurgitation.
The causes and pathophysiology of tricuspid regurgitation are discussed and explained under TLO 5.6.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
151
Discuss the clinical features of tricuspid regurgitation.
The clinical features of tricuspid regurgitation are discussed under TLO 5.6.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
152
Discuss the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation.
The diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation is discussed under TLO 5.6.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
153
Outline the management of tricuspid regurgitation.
The management of tricuspid regurgitation is outlined under TLO 5.6.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
154
Identify modalities used to diagnose valvular heart disease (e.g. cardiac auscultation
echocardiogram
155
Identify relevant pathological findings (e.g. calcification
sclerosis
156
Describe appropriate management options (e.g. conservative
medical
157
Identify complications of valvular heart disease (e.g.
Heart Failure
158
Define myocardial ischaemia.
Myocardial ischemia is defined under TLO 7.1.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
159
Discuss the determinants of myocardial oxygen demand.
The determinants of myocardial oxygen demand are discussed under TLO 7.1.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
160
Enumerate the causes of myocardial ischemia.
The causes of myocardial ischemia are enumerated under TLO 7.1.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
161
Discuss Printzmetal's variant angina
chronic stable and unstable angina.
162
Discuss the ECG changes of angina.
The ECG changes of angina are discussed under TLO 7.1.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
163
Outline the management of angina.
The management of angina is outlined under TLO 7.1.6 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
164
Enumerate the risk factors for atherosclerosis.
The risk factors for atherosclerosis are enumerated under TLO 7.2.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
165
Describe the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is described under TLO 7.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
166
Discuss the microscopic features of an atherosclerotic plaque.
The microscopic features of an atherosclerotic plaque are discussed under TLO 7.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
167
Describe the contribution of rupture vs. erosion in causing MI.
The contribution of rupture versus erosion in causing MI is described under TLO 7.2.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
168
Describe anti-atherosclerotic therapy
including life-style modification.
169
Identify and describe the major types of lipids (e.g. triacylglycerols
phospholipids
170
Identify the types of lipoproteins.
The types of lipoproteins are identified under TLO 7.3.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
171
Describe the basic structure and function of lipoproteins with an emphasis on LDL.
The basic structure and function of lipoproteins
172
Describe the basic structure and function of apolipoproteins.
The basic structure and function of apolipoproteins are described under TLO 7.3.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
173
Describe the relationship between LDL and atherosclerosis.
The relationship between LDL and atherosclerosis is described under TLO 7.3.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
174
Describe the role of lipid lowering agents (statins
ezetimibe
175
Describe the role of HDL as a defence mechanism.
The role of HDL as a defense mechanism is described under TLO 7.3.7 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
176
Describe the role of triglycerides (TG) in heart disease and agents used to lower TG levels.
The role of triglycerides (TG) in heart disease and agents used to lower TG levels are described under TLO 7.3.8 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
177
Describe the epidemiology of MI.
The epidemiology of MI is described under TLO 7.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
178
Enumerate the risk factors of MI.
The risk factors of MI are enumerated under TLO 7.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
179
Describe the pathophysiology of MI.
The pathophysiology of MI is described under TLO 7.4.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
180
Discuss the clinical manifestations of MI.
The clinical manifestations of MI are discussed under TLO 7.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
181
Discuss the ECG changes of NSTEMI and STEMI.
The ECG changes of NSTEMI and STEMI are discussed under TLO 7.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
182
Discuss the ECG findings in MI.
The ECG findings in MI are discussed under TLO 7.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
183
Explain the role of cardiac biomarkers in the diagnosis of MI.
The role of cardiac biomarkers in the diagnosis of MI is explained under TLO 7.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
184
Discuss the imaging studies in MI.
The imaging studies in MI are discussed under TLO 7.5.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
185
Discuss the morphological features of a myocardial infarct.
The morphological features of a myocardial infarct are discussed under TLO 7.5.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
186
Describe relevant investigations for IHD diagnosis and considerations when selecting the appropriate diagnostic tests.
Relevant investigations for IHD diagnosis and considerations for selecting appropriate diagnostic tests are described under TLO 7.5.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
187
Outline the medical management of MI.
The medical management of MI is outlined under TLO 7.6.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
188
Discuss the mechanism of action of antiplatelet drugs
nitrates
189
Describe the interventional approaches to MI.
The interventional approaches to MI are described under TLO 7.6.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
190
Discuss the complications of MI (arrhythmias
left ventricular dysfunction
191
Discuss the lifestyle alterations required for secondary prevention.
The lifestyle alterations required for secondary prevention are discussed under TLO 7.7.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
192
Identify relevant cellular origins of the heart.
Relevant cellular origins of the heart are identified under TLO 8.1.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
193
Describe the processes involved in initiation of electrical conduction in the heart.
The processes involved in the initiation of electrical conduction in the heart are described under TLO 8.1.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
194
Describe the processes involved in each of the following: partitioning of the AV canal; partitioning of the atria; partitioning of the ventricles.
The processes involved in partitioning of the AV canal
195
Describe the processes involved in valve formation.
The processes involved in valve formation are described under TLO 8.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
196
Describe the processes involved in the development of: the aorta
aortic arches and major branches; cranial arteries; coronary arteries; venous formation including cardinal
197
Explain how the foetal circulation differs from the post-natal circulation.
How the fetal circulation differs from the postnatal circulation is explained under TLO 8.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
198
Describe the circulatory pathway of blood flow in the foetus.
The circulatory pathway of blood flow in the fetus is described under TLO 8.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
199
Identify whether the blood is oxygenated
deoxygenated or a mixture of both along segments of this pathway.
200
Identify the adaptations that permit this circulation: Foramen ovale – inter-atrial septum opening; Ductus venosus – enabling placenta blood to bypass the foetal liver; Ductus arteriosus – shunting blood from RV to aorta going to lower extremities.
The adaptations that permit fetal circulation
201
Identify the anatomical changes that occur to the foetal CVS at birth.
The anatomical changes that occur to the fetal cardiovascular system at birth are identified under TLO 8.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
202
Describe when and why these changes occur.
When and why these fetal CVS changes occur at birth are described under TLO 8.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
203
Describe the outcome of these changes.
The outcome of these fetal CVS changes at birth is described under TLO 8.5.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
204
Define congenital heart defect and provide examples.
Congenital heart defect is defined and examples are provided under TLO 8.5.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
205
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
206
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
207
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
208
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
209
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
210
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
211
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
212
Discuss the etiology
pathophysiology
213
Explain why CVS changes occur during pregnancy.
Why cardiovascular system (CVS) changes occur during pregnancy is explained under TLO 8.9.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
214
Identify the CVS changes that occur during pregnancy (e.g. ↑ CO
↑ plasma volume
215
Discuss how each change occurs.
How each cardiovascular change during pregnancy occurs is discussed under TLO 8.9.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
216
Define pre-eclampsia.
Pre-eclampsia is defined under TLO 8.9.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
217
Describe the risk factors/aetiology for pre-eclampsia.
The risk factors/etiology for pre-eclampsia are described under TLO 8.9.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
218
Identify its clinical manifestations.
The clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia are identified under TLO 8.9.6 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
219
Describe the management approaches to pre-eclampsia.
The management approaches to pre-eclampsia are described under TLO 8.9.7 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
220
Describe complications associated with pre-eclampsia.
Complications associated with pre-eclampsia are described under TLO 8.9.8 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
221
Define endocarditis and enumerate the risk factors of endocarditis.
Endocarditis is defined and its risk factors are enumerated under TLO 9.1.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
222
Enumerate the etiologic agents of infective endocarditis (IE).
The etiologic agents of infective endocarditis (IE) are enumerated under TLO 9.1.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
223
Describe the pathogenesis of IE.
The pathogenesis of IE is described under TLO 9.1.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
224
Discuss the clinical manifestations of IE.
The clinical manifestations of IE are discussed under TLO 9.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
225
Discuss the investigations used and diagnostic findings of endocarditis.
The investigations used and diagnostic findings of endocarditis are discussed under TLO 9.2.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
226
Outline the management of IE.
The management of IE is outlined under TLO 9.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
227
Discuss the complications and prognosis of IE.
The complications and prognosis of IE are discussed under TLO 9.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
228
Enumerate the etiologic agents of myocarditis.
The etiologic agents of myocarditis are enumerated under TLO 9.3.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
229
Describe the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
The pathogenesis of viral myocarditis is described under TLO 9.3.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
230
Discuss the clinical manifestations of myocarditis.
The clinical manifestations of myocarditis are discussed under TLO 9.3.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
231
Discuss the investigations of myocarditis.
The investigations of myocarditis are discussed under TLO 9.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
232
Discuss Dallas criteria and describe the microscopic features of myocarditis.
Dallas criteria and the microscopic features of myocarditis are discussed and described under TLO 9.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
233
Outline the management of myocarditis.
The management of myocarditis is outlined under TLO 9.4.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
234
Discuss the complications and prognosis of myocarditis.
The complications and prognosis of myocarditis are discussed under TLO 9.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
235
Define and enumerate the causes of pericarditis.
Pericarditis is defined and its causes are enumerated under TLO 9.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
236
Discuss the clinical manifestations of acute pericarditis.
The clinical manifestations of acute pericarditis are discussed under TLO 9.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
237
Compare the clinical features of acute pericarditis
pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction.
238
Discuss the investigations used and diagnostic findings of pericarditis.
The investigations used and diagnostic findings of pericarditis are discussed under TLO 9.6.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
239
Outline the management of pericarditis.
The management of pericarditis is outlined under TLO 9.6.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
240
Discuss the complications and prognosis of pericarditis.
The complications and prognosis of pericarditis are discussed under TLO 9.6.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
241
Define acute RF and RHD.
Acute Rheumatic Fever (RF) and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) are defined under TLO 9.7.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
242
Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of RF.
The etiology and pathogenesis of RF are discussed under TLO 9.7.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
243
Describe the morphological features in acute RF and RHD.
The morphological features in acute RF and RHD are described under TLO 9.7.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
244
Discuss the clinical manifestations of RF and RHD.
The clinical manifestations of RF and RHD are discussed under TLO 9.7.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
245
Enumerate Jones criteria for the diagnosis of RF.
Jones criteria for the diagnosis of RF are enumerated under TLO 9.8.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
246
Discuss the diagnosis of RF.
The diagnosis of RF is discussed under TLO 9.8.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
247
Outline the management of RF.
The management of RF is outlined under TLO 9.8.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
248
Discuss the complications and prognosis of RF.
The complications and prognosis of RF are discussed under TLO 9.8.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
249
Discuss the origin and morphological features of myxoma.
The origin and morphological features of myxoma are discussed under TLO 9.9.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
250
Describe the clinical features of myxoma.
The clinical features of myxoma are described under TLO 9.9.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
251
Discuss the diagnosis of myxoma.
The diagnosis of myxoma is discussed under TLO 9.9.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
252
Discuss the treatment options and prognosis.
The treatment options and prognosis for myxoma are discussed under TLO 9.9.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
253
Describe familial myxomas and list the components of Carney complex.
Familial myxomas are described and the components of Carney complex are listed under TLO 9.9.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
254
Define cardiomyopathy
dilated cardiomyopathy and describe epidemiology.
255
Identify the functional classes of cardiomyopathy.
The functional classes of cardiomyopathy are identified under TLO 10.1.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
256
Discuss the etiology of DCM.
The etiology of DCM is discussed under TLO 10.1.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
257
Describe the clinical manifestations of DCM.
The clinical manifestations of DCM are described under TLO 10.1.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
258
Discuss the diagnosis and morphological features of DCM.
The diagnosis and morphological features of DCM are discussed under TLO 10.1.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
259
Outline the management and prognosis of DCM.
The management and prognosis of DCM are outlined under TLO 10.1.6 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
260
Define and describe epidemiology of HCM.
HCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy) is defined and its epidemiology is described under TLO 10.2.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
261
Discuss the etiology of HCM.
The etiology of HCM is discussed under TLO 10.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
262
Describe the clinical manifestations of HCM.
The clinical manifestations of HCM are described under TLO 10.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
263
Discuss the diagnosis and morphological features of HCM.
The diagnosis and morphological features of HCM are discussed under TLO 10.2.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
264
Outline the management and prognosis of HCM.
The management and prognosis of HCM are outlined under TLO 10.2.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
265
Define and describe epidemiology of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Restrictive cardiomyopathy is defined and its epidemiology is described under TLO 10.3.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
266
Discuss the etiology of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
The etiology of restrictive cardiomyopathy is discussed under TLO 10.3.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
267
Describe the clinical manifestations of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
The clinical manifestations of restrictive cardiomyopathy are described under TLO 10.3.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
268
Discuss the diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
The diagnosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy is discussed under TLO 10.3.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
269
Outline the management and prognosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
The management and prognosis of restrictive cardiomyopathy are outlined under TLO 10.3.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
270
Define and describe epidemiology of ARVC.
ARVC (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy) is defined and its epidemiology is described under TLO 10.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
271
Discuss the etiology of ARVC.
The etiology of ARVC is discussed under TLO 10.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
272
Describe the clinical manifestations of ARVC.
The clinical manifestations of ARVC are described under TLO 10.4.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
273
Discuss the diagnosis and morphological features of ARVC.
The diagnosis and morphological features of ARVC are discussed under TLO 10.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
274
Outline the management and prognosis of ARVC.
The management and prognosis of ARVC are outlined under TLO 10.4.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
275
Define and enumerate the causes of pericardial effusion.
Pericardial effusion is defined and its causes are enumerated under TLO 10.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
276
Discuss the clinical manifestations of pericardial effusion.
The clinical manifestations of pericardial effusion are discussed under TLO 10.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
277
Discuss the diagnosis of pericardial effusion.
The diagnosis of pericardial effusion is discussed under TLO 10.5.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
278
Outline the management of pericardial effusion.
The management of pericardial effusion is outlined under TLO 10.5.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
279
Discuss the complications and prognosis.
The complications and prognosis of pericardial effusion are discussed under TLO 10.5.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
280
Define cardiac tamponade.
Cardiac tamponade is defined under TLO 10.6.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
281
Discuss hemodynamic changes in cardiac tamponade.
Hemodynamic changes in cardiac tamponade are discussed under TLO 10.6.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
282
Discuss the clinical features of cardiac tamponade.
The clinical features of cardiac tamponade are discussed under TLO 10.6.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
283
Distinguish between symptoms of rapidly accumulating and slowly accumulating effusion.
The distinction between symptoms of rapidly accumulating and slowly accumulating effusion is discussed under TLO 10.6.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
284
Describe pericardiocentesis and discuss the prognosis of cardiac tamponade.
Pericardiocentesis is described and the prognosis of cardiac tamponade is discussed under TLO 10.6.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
285
Define and enumerate the causes of constrictive pericarditis.
Constrictive pericarditis is defined and its causes are enumerated under TLO 10.7.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
286
Discuss the clinical manifestations of constrictive pericarditis.
The clinical manifestations of constrictive pericarditis are discussed under TLO 10.7.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
287
Discuss the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis.
The diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis is discussed under TLO 10.7.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
288
Enumerate the differences between constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy.
The differences between constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy are enumerated under TLO 10.7.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
289
Outline the management of constrictive pericarditis.
The management of constrictive pericarditis is outlined under TLO 10.7.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
290
Define peripheral vascular disease and acute limb ischemia.
Peripheral vascular disease and acute limb ischemia are defined under TLO 11.1.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
291
List the causes and discuss the clinical manifestations of acute limb ischemia.
The causes are listed and the clinical manifestations of acute limb ischemia are discussed under TLO 11.1.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
292
Discuss the diagnosis and management of acute limb ischemia.
The diagnosis and management of acute limb ischemia are discussed under TLO 11.1.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
293
List the causes
discuss the clinical manifestations of chronic lower limb ischemia.
294
Discuss the diagnosis and management of chronic limb ischemia.
The diagnosis and management of chronic limb ischemia are discussed under TLO 11.1.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
295
Define AD and discuss epidemiology.
Aortic Dissection (AD) is defined and its epidemiology is discussed under TLO 11.2.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
296
Enumerate the risk factors and discuss the role of cystic medial degeneration in AD.
The risk factors are enumerated and the role of cystic medial degeneration in AD is discussed under TLO 11.2.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
297
Discuss the Stanford and DeBakey classification of AD.
The Stanford and DeBakey classification of AD is discussed under TLO 11.2.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
298
Describe the clinical manifestations of AD.
The clinical manifestations of AD are described under TLO 11.2.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
299
Discuss the diagnosis and outline the management of AD.
The diagnosis and management of AD are discussed and outlined under TLO 11.2.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
300
Define an aneurysm and discuss epidemiology.
An aneurysm is defined and its epidemiology is discussed under TLO 11.3.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
301
Discuss the classification of aneurysm.
The classification of aneurysm is discussed under TLO 11.3.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
302
Discuss the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm.
The pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm is discussed under TLO 11.3.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
303
Describe the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of aortic aneurysm.
The clinical manifestations and diagnosis of aortic aneurysm are described under TLO 11.3.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
304
Discuss the management of aneurysm.
The management of aneurysm is discussed under TLO 11.3.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
305
Define varicose veins.
Varicose veins are defined under TLO 11.4.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
306
Discuss the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of varicose veins.
The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of varicose veins are discussed under TLO 11.4.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
307
Identify suitable investigations and diagnostic findings (for varicose veins).
Suitable investigations and diagnostic findings for varicose veins are identified under TLO 11.4.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
308
Outline the management
prognosis and complications of varicose veins.
309
Discuss the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of DVT.
The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) are discussed under TLO 11.5.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
310
Identify suitable investigations and diagnostic findings (for DVT).
Suitable investigations and diagnostic findings for DVT are identified under TLO 11.5.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
311
Outline the management
prognosis and complications of DVT.
312
Define chronic venous insufficiency.
Chronic venous insufficiency is defined under TLO 11.6.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
313
Discuss the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency.
The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency are discussed under TLO 11.6.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
314
Identify suitable investigations and diagnostic findings (for chronic venous insufficiency).
Suitable investigations and diagnostic findings for chronic venous insufficiency are identified under TLO 11.6.3 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
315
Outline the management
prognosis and complications of chronic venous insufficiency.
316
Define vasculitis.
Vasculitis is defined under TLO 11.7.1 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
317
Identify different types of vasculitis.
Different types of vasculitis are identified under TLO 11.7.2 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
318
Discuss the different pathogenic mechanisms to develop vasculitis: non-infectious and infectious vasculitis.
The different pathogenic mechanisms to develop vasculitis
319
Describe the clinical manifestations of vasculitis.
The clinical manifestations of vasculitis are described under TLO 11.7.4 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
320
Discuss the diagnosis and outline the management of vasculitis.
The diagnosis and management of vasculitis are discussed and outlined under TLO 11.7.5 in the Cardiovascular Unit.
