Cycles and seasons Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Estrous cycle is a ____ word meaning ____
A
Greek; sexual desire
2
Q
Estrous cycle occurs in humans. T or F
A
False
3
Q
Estrous cycle starts after ____ in female and are interrupted by _____
A
puberty; anestrous phases of pregnancies
4
Q
Estrous cycle is the ______ cycle in most non-pregnant adult mammals.
A
ovarian
5
Q
Estrous cycle involves periodic regression of _____ and activity associated with instinct of sexual receptivity known as _____
A
follicles; estrus
6
Q
Menstrual cycle is the succession of ____ changes
A
endometrial
7
Q
Menstrual cycle is only seen in female humans. T or F
A
False; female humans and some primates
8
Q
Menstruation begins at _____ and prior to the ____
A
end of luteal phase; follicular phase
9
Q
Menstruation removes ______ (i.e _____ and ______) which build up during proliferative phase
A
Stratum functionale i.e stratum compactum and part of stratum spongiosum
10
Q
Ovarian cycle is the sequence of physiologic changes in the _____, including development and rupture of the ______, discharge of the _____ as well as _____ formation and regression
A
ovary; follicle; ovum; corpus luteum
11
Q
Ovarian cycle is also called ____ and it is regulated by _____
A
Oogenic cycle; hypothalamus
12
Q
What are the three phases of ovarian cycle?
A
Follicular or proliferative phase (overlapped by desquamative phase); Ovulatory phase; Luteal or progestational phase
13
Q
Ovarian cycle in non-pregnant female humans is accompanied by?
A
Menstrual cycle
14
Q
Ovarian and menstrual cycle exists in only ____ because _____ of ____ inhibits progression of any cycle
A
non-pregnant females; corpus luteum of pregnancy
15
Q
The two major categories of estrous cycle?
A
Polyestrous (most animals; can be non seasonal or seasonal); Monoestrous
16
Q
Two examples of non seasonal polyestrous animals
A
Cattle, pigs
17
Q
Five examples of monoestrous animals
A
Whales, bears, foxes, roe, deer
18
Q
The five stages of estrous cycle:
A
Estrous (ovulation); Metestrous (luteal); Early diestrus (luteal); Late diestrus (luteal); Pro estrous (follicular phase)
19
Q
What happens in each stage of estrous cycle?
A
ESTROUS = ovulation; METESTROUS = females not receptive to males; EARLY DIESTROUS = corpus luteum formed, progesterone secretion increases; LATE DIESTROUS = corpus luteum destroyed, progesterone secretion drops; PRO-ESTROUS = follicular phase, estrogen level is high, stimulates high LH.
20
Q
If pregnancy ensues, estrous cycle ceases and a period of ____ follows until _____ or _____
A
anestrous; parturition or termination of pregnancy
21
Q
Duration range of proestrous phase
A
1 day to 3 weeks depending on species
22
Q
Females are not sexually receptive in proestrous phase. T or F
A
True
23
Q
The phase of estrous cycle where female is sexually receptive with GnRH is?
A
Estrous phase
24
Q
Two observable features of estrous in females
A
Lordosis reflex and reddened labia
25
Two categories of ovulators with examples:
Spontaneous ovulators (humans); Induced ovulators (felines, camels)
26
In ____ ovulators, ovulation is induced by act of copulation or other cues.
Induced
27
Humans are one of very few species with menstrual cycle without the display of _____.
Estrous behaviour
28
Estrous behaviour is absent in humans because?
For monogamy because loss of estrous promotes sexual receptivity over the cycle and helps to maintain monogamous pair bonds by encouraging repeated sexual contact
29
Major difference between estrous and menstrual cycle is?
Endometrium is resorbed in estrous cycle in conception absence; endometrial shedding occur in menstrual cycle
30
Females are generally only sexually active during _____ in ____ cycle
heat period in estrous cycle
31
Obvious external sign to receptivity at ovulation is seen in humans. T or F
False; human has concealed ovulation
32
Some of the changes that happen in puberty are also known as ____
adolescence
33
Puberty starts because of _____.
sex hormones
34
In girls the first signs of puberty tend to occur about _____ years before the signs in boys.
1.5 - 2 years
35
About ____% of boys show some signs of puberty at the age of 10 years.
0.05
36
____% of normal boys show no signs until they are 15 years old.
0.05
37
In girls the first signs are _____ and ____ which precede menarche by about _____ years.
pubic hair growth and breast development; two years
38
The mean difference of menarchal age in identical twins is only _____, while in non-identical twins it is up to _____.
3 months; 12 months
39
In most industrial nations, the timing of menarche has been advancing by about ____ per decade since the mid-19th century.
4–6 months
40
Artificially _____ days have been known to advance puberty in animals.
long
41
Blind or normal girls, which ones have earlier menarche?
blind girls
42
Continual bombardment of the nervous system with ____ can also advance puberty
erotica
43
_____ and ____ (organs?) are concerned with puberty
adrenals and gonads
44
In childhood, the output of _____ and ____ is low.
gonadal steroids and adrenal androgens
45
Sensitivity of hypothalamus to steroids diminishes and amount of steroids is no longer enough to inhibit gonadotropin output at ____ year of life and usually culminates in the onset of puberty and menstruation between the ages of _____ years in girls (average ____ years)
8th year; 11 and 16 years; 13 years
46
Between the ages of _____, girls tend to be heavier than boys of similar age because of the earlier _____ before ______
8 and 13; pubertal growth spurt before menarche
47
The appearance of pubic hair and the growth spurt are associated with ____.
adrenal androgens
48
In females, they depend almost entirely on the _____.
adrenals
49
In males, ______ modify the distribution of pubic hair and the forehead hairline, and increase the intensity of the spurt.
testicular androgens
50
Seven hormones involved in puberty
Gonadotropic-releasing hormone, Gonadotropins, Adrenal steroids, GH, IGF-I, insulin, Leptin.
51
Three biological changes during puberty:
Neurosecretory factors/hormones, Modulation of somatic growth, Initiation of development of sex glands
52
____ induces and enhances the progressive ovarian and testicular sex hormone secretion.
Activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
53
What is responsible for the profound biological, morphological, and psychological changes to which the adolescent is subjected?
Ovarian and testicular sex hormone secretion
54
______ is responsible for appearance and maintenance of sexual characteristics and capacity for reproduction.
Sex Steroid Production
55
Puberty proceeds through _____ stages from childhood to full maturity as described by ____
five stages (P1 to P5); Marshall and Tanner
56
In both sexes, the five stages of puberty reflect the progressive modifications of the _____ and ______.
external genitalia and of sexual hair
57
Secondary sex characteristics appear at a mean age of _____ in girls and _____ in boys.
10.5 years; 11.5 to 12 years
58
Pubertal stages in female according to Tanner, P1?
P1 = Prepubertal
59
Pubertal stages in female according to Tanner, P2?
P2 = breast bud + small pubic hair (pre-sexual hair) and axillary hair
60
Pubertal stages in female according to Tanner, P3?
P3 = breast elevation + sexual hair (increased dark pubic hair) & axillary hair
61
Pubertal stages in female according to Tanner, P4?
P4 = areolar mound + mid-escutcheon (adult pubic hair)
62
Pubertal stages in female according to Tanner, P5?
P5 = adult contour + female escutcheon (pubic hair with extension to upper thigh)
63
The prepubertal uterus is ____ shaped, with the ____ and _____ accounting for up to two-thirds of the uterine volume.
tear-drop shaped; neck and isthmus = 2/3 uterine volume
64
Prepubertal uterus becomes ____ shaped with the production of estrogens and the uterine body increases in length and thickness proportionately more than the _____
pear shaped; cervix
65
During puberty, _____ levels fluctuate widely, reflecting successive waves of follicular development that fail to reach the ovulatory stage.
plasma estradiol
66
_____ results in the first menstruation (menarche).
withdrawal of estrogen
67
Under the influence of ___ and ____, the secondary follicle develops rapidly to a diameter of _____, with a sudden increase in _____ that causes the primary oocyte to complete meiosis I and the follicle to enter the _____ stage.
FSH and LH; 25 mm; LH; pre-ovulatory
68
Secondary oocyte is halted in metaphase about ____ hours before ovulation. 3 hours
69
The surface of the ovary begins to bulge locally and at the apex, an avascular spot called ____ appears
stigma
70
The high concentration of LH increases ______, resulting in digestion of _____ surrounding the follicle
collagenase activity; collagen fibers
71
______ levels also increase in response to the LH surge and cause local muscular contractions in the ovarian wall
Prostaglandin
72
At ovulation, some of the ______ cells then rearrange themselves around the zona pellucida to form the ____.
cumulus oophorus; corona radiata
73
A rise in ______ after menarche is, in general, indicative that ovulation has occurred.
progesterone
74
The first ovulation does not take place until ______ after menarche because the positive feedback mechanism of estrogen is not developed.
6–9 months
75
Earlier than normal breast development is?
thelarche
76
Earlier than normal pubic or axillary hair growth is?
Pubarche
77
Early stage of puberty where the adrenal glands begin to increase production of androgens?
adrenarche
78
First menstruation is?
Menarche
79
Pubertal stages in male according to Tanner, P1?
P1 = Prepubertal, testicular length less than 2.5cm
80
Pubertal stages in male according to Tanner, P2?
P2 = increase in testicular size + scrotum slightly pigmented + few long and dark pubic hair
81
Pubertal stages in male according to Tanner, P3?
P3 = Testicular length 3.3–4 cm + lengthening of the penis + increase in pubic hair
82
Pubertal stages in male according to Tanner, P4?
P4 = Testicular length 4.1–4.5 cm + increase in length and thickening of the penis + adult amount of pubic hair
83
Pubertal stages in male according to Tanner, P5?
P5 = Testicular length greater than 4.5 cm, full spermatogenesis
84
In puberty in males, maximal velocity is attained only around _____ years of age.
14 to 15
85
In males, testicular volume of _____ or a longitudinal diameter greater than or equal to _____ and a slight progressive increase in ____, and pigmentation as well as growth of _____ and ____ constitute the first signs of puberty
4 ml, 2.5 cm, scrotal folds, pubic hair and penis
86
The increase in testicular size observed during prepuberty and puberty results essentially from the development of the _____ under the stimulating effect of ____
seminiferous tubules; FSH
87
The testicular volume increases throughout puberty up to Tanner stage P4 when a longitudinal diameter of ____ or a volume of ____ is reached
5.0 + 0.5 cm; 17.6 + 4.0 ml
88
As puberty progresses, spermatogenesis is initiated and then sustained by ___ and by ____ produced by the _____ under ____ control
FSH, testosterone; Leydig cells, LH
89
A significant increase of plasma testosterone is found only between Tanner pubertal stages ___ and __
P3 and P4
90
The proportion of dihydrotestosterone to testosterone ____ gradually until adulthood, when dihydrotestosterone levels are approximately ____ of those of testosterone
decreases, 10%
91
Puberty is completed usually within _____ years of its onset, and the final height resulting from complete fusion of the epiphyses occurs within approximately ____ years after menarche.
3 to 4 years; 2 years
92
Four chronological events in girls puberty.
Acceleration of growth rate, Development of breasts and pubic hair, Axillary hair, Menarche
93
Four chronological events in boys puberty.
Increase of penile length pubic hair, Increased growth rate, Axillary hair, Deepening of the voice, Increase of testicular volume
94
Which hormone response to GnRH is not observed in prepubertal children but increases progressively during adolescence in both sexes?
LH response to GnRH
95
The increase of which hormone is much less marked than that of LH?
FSH
96
The gene involved in triggering GnRH secretion is the ____, encoding a _____
GPR54 gene; G protein-coupled receptor
97
Human mutations of GPR54 gene are found in ____
hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
98
Two functions of GPR54 gene
Modulate or regulate GnRH activity, Regulates the release of GnRH at hypothalamic level
99
The first demonstrable biological change of puberty is the _____
appearance of pulsatile LH release during sleep
100
At the end of puberty, ______ disappears
the difference between sleep and wake LH secretory patterns
101
In girls, circulating FSH levels increase progressively from _____ years of age (stage P2), approximately ____ year prior to those of LH. Thereafter, gonadotropins continue to increase throughout puberty, but important fluctuations are observed in relation to the _____
10 to 11 years; 1 year; menstrual cycle
102
In boys, a significant increase in both ____ and ____ is also found from the onset of puberty (stage ____), closely linked to the rapid increase in ______.
plasma FSH and LH; stage P2; testicular size
103
In boys, a further significant increase in circulating gonadotropins is also observed at _____ (stages ___ and ____).
late puberty; P4 and P5
104
What secretes inhibin in male and female gonads respectively?
Sertoli cell, Granulosa cell
105
GnRH from ____ lead to the release of ____ and ____
hypothalamus; pituitary LH and FSH
106
Adrenal androgens vary from infancy through adolescence. This phenomenon is called _____
Adrenarche
107
In girls, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) increase as early as _____ years of age, followed within ____ years by a concomitant increase in androstenedione.
6 to 7 years; 1 to 2 years
108
In boys, DHEA and DHEAS increase as early as _____ years of age, followed by androstenedione ____ years later
8 to 9 years; 1 to 2 years
109
Adrenarche begins before the _____.
rise in gonadotropin secretion
110
The _____ are responsible for the appearance of axillary hair and, in part, for the appearance of pubic hair in the adolescent.
adrenal androgens
111
______ do not appear to play a decisive role in determining the initiation of puberty.
adrenal androgens
112
_____ levels and _____ secretion increase considerably during puberty, mainly at night.
Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and Growth hormone
113
The amplitude of GH peaks increases when?
early in puberty
114
____ is an important modulator of growth during childhood and adolescence.
IGF-I
115
Peptide hormone, that regulates food intake and energy expenditure at the hypothalamic level (satiety factor) is ____
Leptin
116
Leptin is called ____ factor
Satiety factor
117
Leptin is expressed predominantly in ____
adipocytes
118
Leptin is regulated by?
body weight and nutrition
119
Leptin is involved in regulation of ____
GnRH secretion
120
Leptin interacts with ____, ____, _____ and ____
Insulin, IGF1, GH, Glucocorticoids
121
In girls, _____ and _____ increase as early as 6 to 7 years of age, followed within 1 to 2 years by a concomitant increase in _____
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS); androstenedione
122
In boys, _____ and ____ increase as early as 8 to 9 years of age, followed by _____ 1 to 2 years later
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS); androstenedione
123
Leptin is a ____ hormone that regulates _____ and _____ at the ____ level
peptide; food intake and energy expenditure; hypothalamic
124
____ is the permissive factor for puberty (48kg)
Leptin
