Flashcards in cytokines and other things cells release Deck (72):
1
IL-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions: major anti-inflammatory cytokine with TNF
1. activates endothelial cell retraction
2. activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
3. systemic acute phase response to inflammation
Source: macrophages, adipocytes
Cells it affects: endothelium,
2
IL-2 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. Lymphocyte growth and differentiation
Source:
Cells it affects:
3
IL-3 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:
4
IL-4 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. lymphocyte growth and differentiation
2. fibrogenic cytokine
3. modulates inflammatory response [TH2]
Source:
Cells it affects: B and T cells
5
IL-5 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
6
IL-6 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. involved in cachexia [may be secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]
Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:
7
IL-8 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. chemotactic agent for neutrophils
2. stimulates histamine release from mast cells
Source:
Cells it affects:
8
IL-10 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
9
IL12 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
10
IL-13 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
11
Il-15 and 18 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
12
IFN-gamma [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
13
TGF-Beta [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
1. negative regulation of inflammatory response
2. part of early wound healing: stimulates proliferation/migration/matrix production [fibrogenic]
3. chemoattractant for inflammatory cells
Source: lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets
14
TNF-alpha [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions: Major anti-inflammatory cytokine
1. Overproduction leads to cachexia [secreted by tumor or in response to tumor]
2. activates endothelial cell retraction
3. activate endothelial cells to produce enzymes of matrix remodeling, induce adhesion molec
4. systemic acute phase response to inflammation
Source: macrophages [other functions], adipocytes [cachexia]
Cells it affects:
15
GM-CSF [Function, source, cells it Affects]
Functions:
1. stimulates hematopoiesis
Source:
Cells it affects:
16
MIP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
17
MCP-1 [Function, source, cells it affects]
Functions:
Source:
Cells it affects:
18
Leptin [Function, source]
Functions: decreases appetite [anorexigenic], increases energy expenditure
Source: adipocytes
19
Adiponectin [Function, source]
Functions:
1. directs fat to muscle and away from liver
2. decreases glucose production in liver
Source: adipocytes
Cells it affects:
20
Effect of leptin deficiency or disruption in leptin signaling pathway
Get overeating and weight gain
21
Ghrelin [Function, source]
Functions: increase food intake [orexigenic]
Source: stomach
22
Peptide YY [PYY] [Function, source]
Functions: decrease appetite [anorexigenic]
Source: endocrine cells of ileum/colon
23
Proteolysis Inducting Factor [PIF] [function, marker in what patients]
1. involved in cachexia
secreted in urine of patients with pancreatic cancer and cachexia
24
Lipid-mobilizing factor [LMF] [function]
1. Involved in cachexia
2. increases fatty acid oxidation
3. increases pro-inflammatory cytokines
25
C reactive protein - what disease is it high in?
obesity
26
Vitamin A [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- fat soluble
- source: beta carotene in yellow + green leafy veggies, vit A in animal products [liver]
- functions: vision, cellular differentiation
27
3 Effects of Vitamin A deficiency
1. blindness
2. immune deficiency
3. squamouse metaplasia
-- lacrimal glands
-- respiratory tract
-- urinary tract
28
Vitamin C [water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- water soluble
- source: citrus fruit, veggies, milk, fish
- functions: collagen synthesis, antioxidant
29
Disease of Vitamin C deficiency?
- scurvy
30
Vitamin D[water vs fat soluble, source, functions]
- fat soluble
- source: photoconversion in skin, diet
- function: calcium regulation
31
3 Diseases of Vitamin D Deficiency?
- rickets [in kids]
- osteomalacia [in adults]
- hypocalcemic tetany
32
Prostaglandin E2 [function]
function:
1. hyperalgesic [makes skin hypersensitive to pain]
2. vasodilation
33
Major Basic Protein [MBP] [what process is it involved in in neutrophil]
- involved in oxygen independent bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils
34
Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 [function]
Function
1. increase vascular permeability
2. vasoconstriction
35
Leukotriene B4 [function, source]
Function
1. powerful chemotactic agent for neutrophils
Source: leukocytes [
36
What is effect of Protein C or S deficiency?
hypercoagulation
37
What is factor V leiden? What is effect?
- alternate form of factor V
- can't be inactivated by protein C
- hypercoagulation
38
PGDF [platelet derived growth factor] [function, source]
Function: part of early wound healing
1. miotogenic
-- formation fibroblasts, smooth muscle, connective tissue [matrix]
Source: platelets, endothelial cells
39
Fibronectin [function]
Functions: in early wound healing:
1. helps fibroblasts bind fibrin to form fibrin clot
2. Promotes phagocytosis
40
Metalloproteinase [Function]
Function
1. aids in remodelling cellular matrix
41
What is effect of antithrombin III deficiency?
hypercoagulation
42
Hemosiderin [what is it, where, disease]
- in liver
- accumulates in large amount in hereditary hemochromatosis
- may cause irreversible injury
43
What disease associated wtih intranuclear protein lamin A?
Hutchinson-gilford progeria
44
What is superoxide dismutase [SOD]? Effect of knockout anti-SOD age-1 gene?
- decreases ROS
- knockout will have increased lifespan
45
MTOR pathway and aging/caloric restriction [function of pathway]
- regulates cell growth, facilitates replicative senescence
- inhibited by caloric restriction
- inhibition may increase life span
46
AGE protein [function, relation to aging diseases]
- increases ROS, upregulates inflammation
- related to arthritis, atherosclerosis
47
sirtruin [what is it? what activates it?]
- sirtruin = anti-aging protein
- reserveratrol in red wine activates it
48
Histamine [Function, Source]
Functions: preformed mediator
1. one of first mediators of inflammatory response
2. vasodilation
3. increased vascular permeability
4. activates endothelial cell contraction
Source: mostly mast cells [+ basophils + platelets]
49
PECAM [what does it stand for? Involved in what?]
- platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule
- involved in migration of neutrophils
50
C5a [Function]
Functions:
1. chemotactic for neutrophils [ + other leukocytes]
2. stimulates mast cells to release histamine
3. increases vascular permeability
Cells it affects:
51
C3a [Function]
Functions:
1. stimulates mast cells to release histamine
2. increases vascular permeability
52
MPO [myeloperoxidase] [function in neutrophil]
- in oxygen dependent bactericidal mech of neutrophils
- creates HOCL- that kills bacteria
53
Thromboxane A2 [Function, source]
Function
1. vasoconstriction
2. promotes platelet aggregation
Source: platelets
54
Platelet Activating Factor [mediated by what antibody, functions, source]
Function: IgE mediated!
1. platelet aggregation
2. broncoconstriction
3. vasodilation
4. increased vascular permeability
5. leukocyte adhesion
6. chemotaxis
Source: from mast cells [+ macrophages + other leukocytes + epithelial cells]
55
Nitric Oxide
Function
1. inhibits platelet aggregation
Source: epithelial cells
56
Prostaglandin I2 [AKA prostacyclin]
Function
1. vasodilation
2. inhibits platelet aggregation
Source: epithelial cells
57
Lipoxin [Function]
1. negative regulator leukotrienes
-- inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis
-- causes vasodilation
58
What does aspirin inhibit?
Cyxlooxygenases
- prostaglandins
- thromboxanes
59
Fibrinopeptides [source, function]
Source: formed in reaction of fibrinogen --> fibrin
Function
1. induce vascular permeability
2. chemotactic for leukocytes
60
Thrombin [source of activation, function]
Source: activated from prothrombin by factor X
Function:
1. increases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium
61
Kallikrein [what system, function of enzyme, product]
- enzyme that is part of kinin system
Function
- forms bradykinin from plasma kininogens
- activates hageman factor [autocatalytic amplification loop]
62
Bradykinin [what system, function]
- protein of kinin system
Function
1. vasodilation
2. increased vascular permeability
3. pain
63
C5b-9 [source, function]
- part of complement system
Function: form membrane attack complex
1. lyse cells
2. stimulate arachidonic acid metabolism
3. produce ROS by leukocytes
64
C3b and C3bi [function]
1. opsonin [aid phagocytosis]
65
Hageman factor [other name, chemotactic function]
clotting factor XII
- causes neutrophil aggregation
66
FGF [Full name, function, source]
Fibroblast growth factor
Function: mitogenic
1. stimulates fibroblast proliferation
2. stimulates new vessel growth
Source: macrophages, fibroblasts
67
VEGF [Full name, Function]
Vascular endothelial growth factor
1. promotes growth of blood vessels
2. involved in sustained growth/angiogenesis transformation stage of cancer
68
EGF [Function, source]
Function
1. promotes epidermal migration and proliferation
Source: keratinocytes, macrophages
69
What does TF do specifically in coagulation cascade?
- binds and activates factor VII
70
What does VII do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?
- activated by TF
- VII-TF complex activates factor X
- VII-TF complex activates factor IX to amplify thrombin generation
71
What does factor X do in coagulation cascade? How is it activated?
- activated by VII-TF complex
- converts thrombin --> prothrombin and
fibrinogen --> fibrin
72