DA - class

Question 1

out of school - material deprivation

Answer 1

• housing
• diet and health (Howard)
• finances (Bernstein & Young)
• fear of debt (Callender & Jackson)

Question 2

out of school - cultural deprivation

Answer 2

• parental interest (Douglas)
• attitudes and values (Sugarman)
• language (Bernstein)

-cultural capital (Bourdieu)

Question 3

in school

Answer 3

• labelling (Rosenthal & Jacobson)
• setting and streaming (Ball)
• (anti)school subcultures (Willis)
• marketisation policies

Question 4

OUT: How does housing create differential achievement?

Answer 4

Inadequate space to complete work, overcrowded making it hard to concentrate. increases illnesses due to mould and damp, creating higher absences (4 year old boy died in Rochdale). w/c don’t have resources to move/fix quickly

Question 5

OUT: Which out of school factor, which includes inadequate spaces, mould and overcrowding, causes differential achievement?

Answer 5

Housing

Question 6

OUT: What is a evaluation for housing as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 6

Schools overcome these issues with after school clubs, catch up sessions. providing safe, good places to work e.g. achievement centres.

Question 7

OUT: How does Diet and Health create differential achievement?

Answer 7

Howard: kids from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. poor nutrition weakens the immune system - absences from school. also face more emotional/behavioural problems: higher hyperactivity/conduct disorders - sugar

Question 8

OUT: Which sociologist argues that Diet and Health creates differential achievement?

Answer 8

Howard

Question 9

OUT: What is a evaluation for Diet and Health as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 9

Schools help overcome this by providing free breakfast (clubs) and free school meals for w/c giving vitamins, energy and minerals

Question 10

OUT: How does Finances create differential achievement?

Answer 10

Bernstein & Young: m/c mothers are more likely to buy educational toys (stimulates intellectual development). low income - educational books/toys aren’t bought and computers aren’t available (digital divide)

Question 11

OUT: Which sociologists argue that Finances creates differential achievement?

Answer 11

Bernstein & Young

Question 12

OUT: What is a evaluation for Finances as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 12

Pupil Premium and Sure Start

Question 13

OUT: How does Fear of Debt create differential achievement?

Answer 13

Callender & Jackson 2000 questionnaires to prospective students: w/c 5x less likely to apply to uni. therefore less likely to try and achieve highly for university entry grades, and those who do want to apply my have to take up part-time jobs to start saving (less time to study)

Question 14

OUT: Which sociologists argue that Fear of Debt creates differential achievement?

Answer 14

Callender & Jackson

Question 15

OUT: What is a evaluation for Fear of Debt as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 15

Bursaries are available to reduce the cost of University

Question 16

OUT: How does Parental Interest create differential achievement?

Answer 16

Douglas: longitudinal study - 5000 british children - m/c parents had more frequent visits to discuss progress. more likely to want their children to stay at school. parental interest/encouragement became more important to high attainment as the child grew up

Question 17

OUT: Which sociologist argues that Parental Interest creates differential achievement?

Answer 17

Douglas

Question 18

OUT: What is a evaluation for Parental Interest as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 18

There could be a number of reasons as to why they didn’t attend: shifts, feel uncomfortable in m/c environment, but show interest at home

Question 19

OUT: How do Attitudes and Values create differential achievement?

Answer 19

Sugarman: attitudes result from different nature of manual vs non-manual jobs. w/c attitude of future planning not fostered- immediate grat. m/c - deferred grat. four value barriers to success in w/c: time orientation, attitudes to gratification, collectivism vs. individualism, attitudes to luck

Question 20

OUT: Which sociologist argues that Attitudes and Values create differential achievement?

Answer 20

Sugarman

Question 21

OUT: What is a evaluation for Attitudes and Values as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 21

answers to a questionnaire aren’t an accurate indication of how they behave - lying

Question 22

OUT: How does Language - Speech Codes create differential achievement?

Answer 22

Bernstein: w/c restricted code. m/c elaborate code. formal education is conducted in terms of elaborated code, placing w/c students at a disadvantage

Question 23

OUT: Which sociologist argues that Language - Speech Codes create differential achievement?

Answer 23

Bernstein

Question 24

OUT: What is a evaluation for Language - Speech Codes as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 24

He studied to boys and gave each four pictures then asked them to describe it over a sequence of events. m/c child described relationships between the objects/events. small sample/one gender

Question 25

OUT: How does Cultural Capital create differential achievement?

Answer 25

Bourdieu: the knowledge attitudes, values, languages, tastes and abilities of the m/c which can be exchanged for achievement better equipped to meet school demands, can afford private school/tutoring. economic + cultural = educational success

Question 26

OUT: Which sociologist argues that Cultural Capital creates differential achievement?

Answer 26

Bourdieu

Question 27

OUT: What is a evaluation for Cultural Capital as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 27

Keddie: victim blaming - w/c kids aren't culturally deprived but different. they fail as they're disadvantaged by the education system

Question 28

IN: How does Labelling create differential achievement?

Answer 28

Becker: interviewed 60 teachers from Chicago high schools, what they classify as an ideal pupil. teachers perceived students from non-manual backgrounds as the closest and those from lower WC as furthest from. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 29

IN: Which sociologist argues that Labelling creates differential achievement?

Answer 29

Becker

Question 30

IN: What is a evaluation for Labelling as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 30

Fuller: self-neglecting prophecy

Question 31

IN: How does Setting and Streaming create differential achievement?

Answer 31

Ball: pupils of similar IQ those whose fathers were non-manual were more likely to be in top band. band 1 seen as hardworking, band 3 - troublesome. due to teacher expectations bands were taught differently and encouraged to follow different paths. relationship between banding and educational performance

Question 32

IN: Which sociologist argues that Setting and Streaming creates differential achievement?

Answer 32

Ball

Question 33

IN: What is a evaluation for Setting and Streaming as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 33

functionalists: set is based on meritocracy not class

Question 34

IN: How do Subcultures create differential achievement?

Answer 34

Lacey: subcultures form as a response to a label, pro vs anti-school. differentiation and polarisation explain how they're formed diff - process of categorising based on perceived ability polarisation - respond- two opposite extremes/ poles example - Willis

Question 35

IN: Which sociologist argues that Subcultures create differential achievement?

Answer 35

Lacey (Willis example)

Question 36

IN: What is a evaluation for Subcultures as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 36

Willis romanticising the lads, presenting them as w/c heroes despite their anti-social behaviour and sexist attitudes

Question 37

IN: How do Marketisation Policies create differential achievement?

Answer 37

create more competitive climate among schools, m/c students seen as more desirable recruits, w/c - liability so oversubscribed schools are unlikely to pick them. Gillborn and Youdell: A to C economy

Question 38

IN: Which sociologist argues that Subcultures create differential achievement?

Answer 38

Gillborn and Youdell

Question 39

IN: What is a evaluation for Marketisation Policies as an explanation for differential achievement?

Answer 39

Not all policies contribute to class differences: - conservative led coalition: free school meals and pupil premium