Darwin

Question 1

Darwin’s life?

Answer 1

1809 Shrewsbury
Raised by aunt.
Lived in Kent
10 children - Emma wedgwood
2o book published

Question 2

Darwin’s early influences

Answer 2

Radical thinkers and societies
Hunting/beetle collecting
Grandfather who wrote about evolution (Erasmus)

Question 3

What uni did he go to?

Answer 3

Edinburgh - medical school. Zoology professor introduced him to Lamarckism.

Question 4

Lamarckism

Answer 4

Changes in environment - needs of organism - behaviour - use of organ/structure.
Law of use and disuse
Law of inheritance or acquired characteristics.

Question 5

Lamark vs Darwin’s thoughts on species

Answer 5

L - Population of individuals all the same. Individuals capable of transformation
D - Population of interbreeding individuals with similar characteristics, variation is common among them. Individuals do not evolve; population capable of transformation.

Question 6

Darwin vs Lamark mechanism of new species production

Answer 6

L - Internal drive towards greater complexity modified by the inheritance of acquired characteristics. Change meets organism needs.
D - Natural selection. Variation exists regardless of organisms needs, not directed towards any purpose.

Question 7

Lamark vs Darwin Phenomena the model can account for.

Answer 7

L - adaptation and fossil records.
D - adaptation, fossil records, homologous structures, biogeographical diversity patterns.

Question 8

Darwin in Cambridge

Answer 8

Not successful in medicine so became a clergyman.
Went to Cambridge for a general Bachelor of arts.
UNI JAD LOTS OF POWER OVER CITY CREATING RESENTMENT.

Question 9

What did Darwin collect

Answer 9

Beetles as was competitive, collected in a book, developing naturalist.

Question 10

William Paley

Answer 10

Priest
Neutral theology - explained basis of natural history thought with a systematic understanding
Watch n watchmaker theory.
Darwin saw the logic.

Question 11

Charles Lyell

Answer 11

Studied geology.
Natural not supernatural.
Future resembles past.
Small changes could be seen to add up over time to make big changes.

Question 12

Thomas Malthus

Answer 12

Cleric and scholar at Cambridge.
Principle of population.
Factors regulate populations as food is finite.
Notion of competition over resources.

Question 13

John Stevens Henslow

Answer 13

Botany.
Encourage Darwin to study geology.
Invited him to parties as similar interest.
Introduced him to ship captains.

Question 14

Basics facts of beagle voyage

Answer 14

Self-funded (Darwin’s dad)
Ship helped Darwin find his direction.
Ships naturalist and to provide proper company to Fitzroy, the captain.
3 years on land 18 at sea/1380 pages.

Question 15

Seashells and geology on voyage

Answer 15

Cape Verde cliffs with fossils.
Embrace lyells view of an old slowly changing earth.
Seashells in undisturbed geological context far above the current sea level and below a volcanic layer;

Question 16

Fossils on voyage

Answer 16

Observed and collected lots of fossils of extinct animals.
Extinct forms often seemed similar to some living animal (replacement of species)

Question 17

Species and variation on voyage

Answer 17

Closely related varieties separated geographically.
Galapagos islands.
Members of ancestral species accidentally transported to each island isolated by ocean barrier.
4 different finches with beaks.

Question 18

Why did Darwin take so long to publish findings

Answer 18

persecution, religion and scared.

Question 19

Artificial breeding

Answer 19

Individuals with certain characters selected, traits onto next generations. Some traits more likely to persist.

Question 20

Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 20

British naturalist, biologist.
Thoughts of natural selection.
Travelled to Brazil
Wrote ideas to Darwin.
Study of geographic distribution of organism and factors determining those patterns.

Question 21

Adaptive radiation

Answer 21

Diversification of founding species into multiple species and niches filling different ecological environments.

Question 22

Biological evolution

Answer 22

change in the properties of populations of organisms that transcend the lifetime of a single individuals

Question 23

Evolution

Answer 23

Change through time and the currency of change is the genetic material.

Question 24

Ingredients for natural selection

Answer 24

Variation in trait within a population. Struggle for existence. Variable survival based on trait form. Form of the trait is heritable.

Question 25

What would cause the frequency of a trait in subsequent generation

Answer 25

The trait favours survival

Question 26

What did origin of species say by Darwin

Answer 26

If there is heritable variation in traits that affect reproduction or mortality, then there will be evolution by natural selection. Organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing. Selection acts on individuals but populations evolve.

Question 27

Sexual selection

Answer 27

The advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species solely in respect of reproduction. Depends not on struggle for existence but on struggle between males for possession of females. DIFFERENTIAL reproduction that results from variation in ability to obtain mates.

Question 28

inter-sexual selection

Answer 28

Members of one sex choose mates based on particular characteristics. Individuals with those characteristics will be more likely to reproduce. Typically females chose males.

Question 29

Intra-sexual selection

Answer 29

Members of one sex compete to gain access to mates Strongest, fastest are more likely to reproduce Evolution of weapons Male-male competition

Question 30

Four mechanisms of microevolution

Answer 30

Natural selection Mutation Gene Flow Genetic Drift

Question 31

Mutation

Answer 31

Alteration in the DNA sequence during replication with changes in the allelic expression at a given locus: A change in a base of DNA molecule is a point mutation

Question 32

Gene Flow

Answer 32

Movement of gene from one population to the other

Question 33

Genetic drift

Answer 33

Change in allele frequency by random factors

Question 34

Common misconceptions

Answer 34

Evolution make organism better Bigger, stronger = fit enough All traits of organism are adaptation/optimal