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Brain and Cognition 2 > Decision making > Flashcards

Decision making Flashcards

1
Q

how do we choose between two things: classical method

A

= normale aanpak

attach value to an outcome (what is an event worth to u)
assess its probability (what is the likelihood)

probability * value = expected value

-> optie kiezen met de hoogste EV

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2
Q

problems classical method

A
  • hoe weet je de probability
  • hoe weet je all possible outcomes
  • hoe weet je de values van wat het worth is to u
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3
Q

wat doen we om om dit op te lossen (de problemen)

A

use heuristics (rule of thumb)

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4
Q

heuristics soorten

A
  1. satisfying -> you choose the first option that meets your criteria
  2. anchoring -> we accept and rely on the information that we receive first
  3. subjective utility -> we are let by our own expected utility (what is it worth to me) rather than expected value (what is it worth)
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5
Q

wealth increase means…

A

steeds kleinere increase van utility (1 euro als je maar 100 euro hebt vs 1 euro als je 1.000.000 hebt)

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6
Q

hoe het heet effect tussen wealth and utility

A

diminishing marginal utility (the more you have, the more you need)

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7
Q

wat kiezen mensen in positief/gain frame

A

safe choice

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8
Q

wat kiezen mensen in negatief/loss frame

A

risky choice

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9
Q

at gebeurt er als mensen een andere strategie kiezen dan normaal (risky in gain frame, of safe in loss frame)

A

activity in dm PFC

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10
Q

framing effect

A

the way a dilemma is formulated can have a large impact on the option people choose

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11
Q

pospect theory algemeen

A

mensen willen loss aversion!

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12
Q

prospect theory detailed

A

the decrease of utility due to losses is larger than the increase of utility due to winnings.

= losing is harder than winning

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13
Q

2 aspects of prospect theory

A
  1. reference dependence: choices depend on the situation, different people may choose different things
  2. probability weighting
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14
Q

probability weighting

A

people overestimate chances with low probability (car accident)
people underestimate chances with high probability (getting cancer)

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15
Q

endownment effect

A

(part of prospect theory)

people ask more money for something they own, than what they would pay for it themselves.
- selling feels like a loss -> loss aversion, subjective value is higher when you lose it than when you win it

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16
Q

primary reinforcers

A

(=positive reinforcers)
food, water, sex

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17
Q

secondary reinforcers

A

have no intrinsic value, but can achieve primary reinforcers

money

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18
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal of aversive/negative outcome

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19
Q

punishment

A

delivery of aversive outcome

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20
Q

which brain areas are activated by primary reinforcers

A

ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), rest of the brain via dopaminergic pathways

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21
Q

VTA projects to

A

nucleus accumbens, amygdalae, hippocampus, medial PFC

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22
Q

addiction to all drugs is linked to..

A

dopaminergic activity in the reward circuit

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23
Q

rats are highly motivated to..

A

stimulate their VTA

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24
Q

dopamine is about liking/motivation

A

motivation!! (NOT liking)

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25
Q

rats, dopamine and liking?

A

rats without dopaminergic neurons still have normal reactions to things they like. but they do not look for things they like = motivation

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26
Q

which tracts are necessary for motivation

A

VTA-NA tracts

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27
Q

to which neurotransmitter is liking related

A

endorphins

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28
Q

stimulation of nucleus accumbens causes dopamine release only if…

A

the stimulus happens unexpected

29
Q

liking and wanting: The brain happens to use two types of neurotransmitters for this, but normally they work together

A

oke

30
Q

lastige met extrinsic rewards

A

if people intrinsically like something, this can get fucked up by extrinsic rewards. -> loss of internal motivation

31
Q

extrinsic rewards can lead to loss of internal motivation: experiment that shows this

A

 Participants played a game
in which they had to stop
a timer at exact 5 s
 Half of the participants
received a reward during
the first session only,
control subjects never
received a reward
 Activation in the ventral
striatum disappeared in
session 2 in people who
were rewarded first

minder activiteit in ventral striatum if rewarded

32
Q

neurons in VTA fire when….

A

something changes in the information about getting the reward -> learning!
(dus activity in VTA gaat niet om de reward zelf)

33
Q

how do we show that it is about the information we have regarding how to get the reward

A

monkeys learn to press lever, get juice. -> increased VTA response at reward.

later they need to press lever only when light is on (discrimination training) -> increased VTA response at the cue

34
Q

VTA activation also reflects…

A

prediction errors (false prediction = more activation).

35
Q

unpredictible rewards = activation in…

A

VTA and ACC

36
Q

unexpected losses cause

A

negative polarity in EEG in ACC

37
Q

where can the effects of rewards be seen…

A

all throughout the brain

38
Q

most dopamine neurons react strongest to… and are inhibited by…

A

rewards, punishment

39
Q

but some neurons…

A

in the midbrain dopamine system get activated by rewards and punishments! (air puffs)

40
Q

prediction error =

A

wanneer je iets verwacht maar er niks gebeurd, of andersom

41
Q

uncertainty due to…

A

what whill the outcome be???
- risk aversion
- ambiguity avoidance

when will the outcome occur???
- delay discounting

42
Q

risk =

A

estimated variance in possible outcomes

43
Q

areas involved in risk assessment

A
  • dlPFC
  • dmPFC
  • PPC posterior parietal lobe
  • anterior part insula
44
Q

which areas are involved in executive functions?

A

dlPFC, dmPFC, PPC

45
Q

anterior insula activity

A

standard economic decisions, gain/loss anticipation

46
Q

dmPFC activity regarding information

A

with limited information, if the outcomes are unclear (rolling a dice)

47
Q

ambiguity

A

if you do not know the probability of an outcome

48
Q

dus different areas for ambiguity and risk

A

ambiguity -> dm PFC, dl PFC
risk -> insula

49
Q

ambiguity activity where

A

dlPFC

50
Q

uncertainty due to delay

A

the further in the future, the less the reward is worth

51
Q

eerst prefer … and then you prefer …

A

small soon
large late (na een bepaalde tijd moet je toch wachten; dus dan maakt het niet meer uit)

52
Q

hoe noem je dat je dingen later minder graag wil

A

delay discounting

53
Q

dual system model

A

system 1: think fast, automatic, parallel, context dependent, emotionally controlled
system 2: slow, serial, controlled, (cost-benefit analysis)

54
Q

system 1 which brain areas

A

ventral striatum, posterior cingulate cortex, mPFC

55
Q

system 2 which brain areas

A

lateral prefrontal cortex

56
Q

Other evidence shows that
System 1 may be active
for decisions involving
longer delays as well

A

oke

57
Q

monkeys would pay in juice to look at

A
  • grey squares
  • low ranking monkeys
    + high ranking monkeys
    + female mating
58
Q

attractive faces activate…

A

ventrial striatum, PFC

59
Q

prosocial behaviour activates..

A

ventral striatum, and regions involved in social cognition

60
Q

best strategy in prisoners dilemma

A

consistent cooporation

61
Q

cooporation = increase in…

A

nucleus accumbens

62
Q

how to measure cooporation

A

iterative trust game

endownment phase - trust phase - reciprocity phase

63
Q

what is the strongest predictor of trust

A

reciprocity.

  • When the investor increased the
    investment after the response of the
    trustee, trustee’s trust increased
  • When the investor decreased the
    investment after the response of the
    trustee, trustee’s trust decreased
64
Q

activity in trustee

A

caudate nucleus

65
Q

which part does the investor use for cognitive control

A

cingulate gyrus

66
Q

unfair offers lead to brain activity in the …

A

insula

67
Q

which part of the brain accepts the unfair offer

A

right dlPFC

68
Q

altruistic punishment; wat is het en waar activiteit

A
  • when people punish each other, although it costs something for themselves!
  • ventral striatum

Brain and Cognition 2 (9 decks)

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