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brain and cognition 2 > Social cognition > Flashcards

Social cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

what is social cognition

A

cognition about people

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2
Q

what suggests that humans are social animals

A

we have specialized brain areas for social cues

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3
Q

being social does not mean…

A

thinking about thought -> bees and ants are social too!

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4
Q

self-reflexive thought

A

human beings can see themselves as objects/entities separate from the world, and look at their own behaviour as an observer

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5
Q

self recognition in monkeys and chimpanzees

A

can recognize themselves in the mirror, therefore maybe share our capacity for self reflexive thought

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6
Q

egocentric

A

object-self

Where is an object relative to me? Where is food/a mate/a predator?

Representation changes when we move

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7
Q

allocentric

A

object-object

Where is an object relative to other objects? E.g., your hands are connected to your arms

Representation does not change when we
move

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8
Q

disruption of self image in humans 2 vormen

A

– Fugue state

– Dissociative identity disorder

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9
Q

fugue state

A

temporary/permanent loss of autobiographical
memory

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10
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A
  • ook wel multiple personality disorder
  • Behaviour seems to be controlled by separate identities
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11
Q

which brain areas are involved in self reflection and self image?

A
  • default mode network -> inward focussed attention
  • limbic/paralimbic system -> interoception (senses perceiving the internal state of the body)
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12
Q

default mode network waar zit het

A

klein beetje voor en veel achter in het brein

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13
Q

default mode network facts

A

 Active when a person is not focused on the
outside world and the brain is at wakeful rest
 When you think about yourself there’s more
activity in the default mode network than
when you think about other things
 When retrieving autobiographical memory,
the default mode network is active
 TMS on the medial parietal cortex sometimes
blocks the retrieval of self-knowledge

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14
Q

when is the medial prefrontal cortex (dorsal mode network) not deactivated (stays activated)….

A

making trait judgements about self (wel about friends or lettercase), or looking at pictures you have taken (vs pictures others have taken)

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15
Q

interoception which brain part is activated

A

ACC

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16
Q

ACC when active

A

during subjective experience of negative emotions and pain

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17
Q

insula when active

A

during interoception (voelen van dingen in je eigen lichaam zoals hartslag etc)

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18
Q

welk deel van brein: subjective experience negative emotions and pain

A

ACC

is eerste deel van die soort c vorm die om de thalamus enzo heen zit

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19
Q

welk deel van brein: interoception

A

insula (=limbic/paralimbic system). en ACC

zit onder bovenste laag.

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20
Q

embodiment

A

the feeling that you are in your own body

necessary for:
- self-location (where am i)
- egocentric space representation (where am i going)

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21
Q

which brain regions for embodiment

A
  • extrastriate body area
  • temporoparietal junction
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22
Q

extrastriate body area

A

EBA

active when you imagine your own body (probably for visual representation of your body)

vooral achter bij occipital lobe

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23
Q

temporoparietal junction

A

when imagine body rotations

zit op grens parietal - temporal

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24
Q

experiment temporoparietal junction

A

One hand with a grey glove and black strap

Make right-left judgments after having imagined yourself to be in the body position of the figure.

Interference with the TPJ by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at this time impaired mental transformation of one’s own body in healthy volunteers relative to TMS over a control site. Dit gebeurde niet bij de interparietal sulcus, alleen bij temporoparietal junction. No such TMS effect was observed for imagined spatial transformations of external objects, suggesting the selective implication of the TPJ in mental imagery of one’s own body.

Dus: TPJ is a crucial structure for the conscious experience of the normal self, mediating spatial unity of self and body, and also suggest that impaired processing at the TPJ may lead to pathological selves such as OBEs.

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25
Q

wanneer was er error bij IPS

A

Only problems for mentally rotating the letters with TMS at IPS

dus TPJ = body rotation, IPS = letter rotation

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26
Q

dus conclusie rotation

A

 TMS on temporoparietal junction leads to
difficulties with mental rotation of your body
but not of objects,
 TMS on the intraparietal sulcus leads to
difficulties with mental rotation of objects
but not of your body
 A double dissociation indicating that
different brain regions are used for these
rotation tasks

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27
Q

out of body experience

A

OBE, non-egocentric.
seeing your self from the back (when it feels real)

  • door ketamine
  • of door stick tegen chest whilst wearing goggles?
  • door stimulation TPJ
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28
Q

self reflective thoughts/internal attention door welke brain areas

A

medial prefrontal cortex
posterior cingulate cortex
parietal lobe

default mode network!

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29
Q

emotions and physical feelings

A

insula
anterior cingulate cortex

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30
Q

visual/spatial representation of own body

A

temporoparietal junction
extrastriate body area

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31
Q

two areas for face perception

A
  • fusiform face area FFA
  • superior temporal sulcus
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32
Q

fusiform face area function

A

identity, name retrieval, person recognition

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33
Q

superior temporal sulcus

A

the changing aspects of faces
- lip movement (!!) -> important for speech perception
- frowning
- gaze direction
- expression

34
Q

which route for fusiform face area

A

inferior temporal hippocampal route

35
Q

which route for superior temporal sulcus

A

superior temporal amygdala route

36
Q

brain areas that the superior temporal sulcus is related to

A
  • parietal (for detecting gaze shifts and head movements -> where pathway)
  • multisensory (for detecting lip movements)
  • amygdalae and limbic system: to recognize emotions
37
Q

emotional reaction when someone looks in your eyes

A

amygdala more activity

38
Q

single cell recordings in monkeys regarding faces

A
  • superior temporal sulcus (voorste deel temporal): emotion in faces
  • inferior temporal sulcus (achterste deel temporal): identity of faces
39
Q

prosopagnosia

A
  • problems recognizing faces
  • due to damage FFA
40
Q

wat kan je nog wel bij prosopagnosia

A

de sociale aspecten van het gezicht zien (emotie etc)

41
Q

wat gebeurt er bij damage to superior temporal sulcus en amygdala

A

geen social aspects meer kunnen zien, nog wel gezichten kunnen herkennen

42
Q

double dissociation

A

a research process for demonstrating the action of two separable psychological or biological systems, such as differentiating between types of memory or the function of brain areas. One experimental variable is found to affect one of the systems, whereas a second variable affects the other.

43
Q

wat doet de superior temporal sulcus naast emotie?

A

ook kijken naar body movements (social cues)

44
Q

experiment body movements en STS

A
  • watch someone follow an object with eyes
  • more activation when they do this the wrong way vs. the right way
45
Q

dus wanneer activation van STS

A

bij conflicting information, which could lead to social cues

46
Q

wat doet de STS met deze conflicting informatie

A

stuurt door naar attentional, motor and limbic areas

47
Q

another clue that humans are social beings

A

deviations from normal social interactions are processed in special areas of the brain

  • might be important for survival
  • But note that brain activity is correlated with behaviour: the patterns might also be learned, spurious, or the consequence of behaviour
48
Q

interpersonal attention and direction of action

A

we need approval from others, what we do is based on their reaction (babies only cross the cliff if parents are encouraging)

49
Q

ERPs

A

average measurements of brain activity after presentation of many stimuli of the same type

50
Q

what do early peaks (P1 and N1) indicate

A

increased attentional processing

51
Q

joint attention

A

when you direct your attention because others look/point at it

52
Q

hoe meet je joint attention

A

gaze-direction attentional cueing task (= social posner task, met valid and invalid cues)

A valid gaze causes stronger P1 and N1 components (from
extrastriate cortex) than an invalid gaze

53
Q

difference in ERPs based on race

A

out-groups faces -> larger responses than in-group faces (krijgen meer attention)

54
Q

two measures for racism

A
  • implicit association test (positive and negative words vs black and white faces)
  • startle eye blink rate (activation sympathetic nervous system -> maybe negative associaton)
55
Q

white participants…

A
  • more amygdala activity for black faces
  • higher startle response for black faces

but less activity when…
- familiar face
- show for a longer time (because control systems can intervene)
- when the faces do not look in the lens
- when the task emphasizes individuated instead of categorical processing of people.

maar = correlation!

Bias:
– Activity is not measured in the real world
* When do you actively classify faces as “black”
or “white”?
– May reflect semantic knowledge of
cultural stereotypes instead of personal
attitudes
– Activity may relate to how you initially
process information, but not to what you
ultimately do!

56
Q

monitoring and control of bias

A
  1. ACC detects conflicting information
  2. prefrontal areas apply control if there is conflicting information
57
Q

how do we measure conflict

A

conflict -> need for cognitive control -> error-related negativity in ERPs

58
Q

experiment measuring bias

A

Task
– Watch two pictures
– Categorise the second
picture as either a gun or
a tool

“White” participants made a
disproportionate number of
errors on trials that
required “black”-stereotype
inhibition (i.e., they often
responded ‘‘gun’’ on Black–
tool trials)

  1. ERNs from the ACC
    were larger for errors
    than for correct
    responses
  2. Stereotyping is also
    reflected in the ERNs
    – response gun caused
    a larger “conflict” for
    black-tool trials than
    for white-tool trials
    (upper panel)
59
Q

mensen die liever geen prejudice hebben…

A

greated demand for monitoring of response conflicts

60
Q

 There is a similar
involvement of the
dorsolateral prefrontal
cortex (= control processes)
 This activity also correlates
with the IAT score
 Greater cognitive control
among people with larger
implicit biases

A

oke

61
Q

more activity in the insula (faces)

A

is judged as less trustworthy (amygdala = equal activity)

62
Q

patients with bilateral amygdala damage…

A

trust everybody

63
Q

thinking about other peoples thoughts

A

theory of mind

64
Q

intentional stance

A

assuming that others behave due to their mental state (may be different than your own)

65
Q

mirror neurons activate when…

A

you perform an action
when others perform an action
more activity during goal-directed actions!

66
Q

problems with this mirror neuron theory

A

humans =/= monkeys
no signle neuron studies
macaque monkeys do not learn bij imitation

67
Q

mentalizing

A

thinking about what another person thinks or feels

68
Q

which brain areas are active during perspective taking

A
  • temporal pole (anterior part)
  • superior temporal sulcus (posterior part)
  • medial prefrontal cortex
69
Q

sophisticated perspective taking

A
  1. what would i do -> placing yourself, with your skills, knowledge and beliefs, in the position of the other
  2. what would they do -> placing yourself in your position with their knowledge, skills and beliefs
70
Q

theory of mind which age

A

4

71
Q

testing theory of mind

A

unexpected content task (The juice box containing ribbons)
fool other people (monkey sticker)
location change task (maxi and the doll)

72
Q

theory of mind in apes

A
  • they fool each other
  • non dominant apes: go for food that the dominant ape cannot see
73
Q

empathy sympathy difference

A

empathy = experiencing their emotions
sympathy = understanding their emotions

74
Q

verschillen emotion sharing and perspective taking fMRI

A

perspective taking: prefrontal en voorste deel temporal
emotion sharing: posterior part frontal cortex (beetje in midden)

75
Q

4 components of empathy

A
  • emotion sharing
  • self-awareness
  • mental flexibility
  • emotion regulation
76
Q

emotion sharing which brain areas

A

ACC, insula, limbic system, somatosensory cortex

77
Q

self-awareness

A

inferior parietal lobe, insula, PFC

78
Q

mental flexibility

A

dorsal and medial PFC

79
Q

emotion regulation

A

ACC, PFC

80
Q

which areas are active during pain of others whilst watching and pain experiencing yourself

A

anterior insula and ACC

brain and cognition 2 (9 decks)

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